1. A Growing Food Supply  Switched from Ox to Horse Could plow 3x’s as much land in a day Better harnesses invented  3-field system Two fields planted, one fallow

1. Guilds  Merchants of the same business  Controlled number of goods being traded and kept prices up  Set standards for quality of work, wages, working conditions  Craft guild (open to page 388)  Young people trained in a skilled job  Apprentice, Journeyman, Master

3. Commercial Revolution  Trade and business expanded, cities grow  Fairs and Trade Cloth most common item Trade routes opened up  Businesses and Banks Bills of credit eliminated need to carry a lot of cash Merchants needed to borrow money. This was seen as a sin (usury) in the eyes of the Church  Society Changes See paged 390

Trade and towns Grow Together  Drawbacks Streets narrow, filled with animals and their waste No sewers, no baths, no fresh air, light, clean water Houses fire hazards Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order  Merchants and craftspeople did not fit medieval social order At first, Feudal lords had authority Burghers took over

During the Crusades, European contact with Muslims and Byzantines expanded which brought an interest in learning

The Muslim Connection  Christian scholars visited Muslim libraries in Spain  Crusaders brought back Muslim technology Scholars and the University  People made the medieval university Used vernacular language Be familiar with the popular literature

Thomas Aquinas  Argued basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument Followers became known as schoolmen or scholastics

Early Invasions  Danish, Vikings Alfred the Great, turned them back, but then… Danish king Canute conquered England, but then…  King Edward the Confessor takes the throne Died with no heir, struggle for the throne occurred The Norman Conquest  William, Duke of Normandy, (William the Conqueror) invaded England Battle of Hastings changed course of English History

England’s Evolving government  Two goals: 1. Help French lands 2. Have powers over nobles and Church Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine  Henry became vassal to the French king. But was King of England at the same time. Juries and Common Law  Judges sent out to parts of England  Common law established

Magna Carta  Richard the Lion-hearted succeeded Henry II  John then took over What happened?  Magna Carta developed What were some of these rights? The Model Parliament (served as a model for later kings  Edward I  Two burgesses and knights Parliament established: legislative group  Made up of two groups  House of Commons (two burgesses and knights)  House of Lords (nobles and bishops)

Capetian Dynasty Rules France After the breakup of Charlemagne's empire, French counts and dukes ruled their lands independently under the feudal system  47 Feudal territories  Louis the Sluggard, last member of the Carolingian family, died Hugh Capet succeeded him

France Becomes a Separate Kingdom Hugh Capet and ancestors weak rulers, however, controlling Paris allowed them to unite France

Phillip II Expands His Power Philip II, Philip Augustus, won of the strongest Capetian rulers  He saw his father lose land to King Henry II from England  Became king at age 15; willing to do anything to achieve goals.  Did not have success against Henry II, or his son (Richard the Lion Hearted)  Did have success from King John. Seized Normandy.

Philip II’ Heirs Louis IX  Philip’s grandson  France central government became stronger under him  Pious an saintly Made saint by Catholic Church 1302, Philip IV fought with the pope because priests didn’t pay taxes to the king

Estates-General Typically only lords and bishops called to discuss policies. Philip called the commoners  Church leaders were the First estate  Lords, Second Estate  Commoners became the Third Estate Meeting Philip called was he Estates-General  E.G. helped increase royal power  1 st and 2 nd would not grow  3 rd would play a key role in overthrowing the French monarchy during the French Revolution

The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague

Pope and church were in trouble

Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV of France  King used his power with the bishops  Pope sent a letter saying kings must obey popes  King held pope prisoner  Pope was rescued  Pope never again has power over monarchs

Philip IV got a French archbishop as a new pope, Clement V Clement V moved papacy from Rome, Italy to Avignon, France. Popes live there for 69 years Reformers tried to move the papacy back to Rome Italian pope chosen, Urban VI.  Bishops regretted their decision Chose a second pope, Clement VII

Now there were two Popes Each said the other was not pope and excommunicated them French pope lived in Avignon, Italian pope lived in Rome Church began to split; became known as Great Schism (division)

Council of Constance tried to end the Great Schism  Chose another pope  Now 3 popes Holy Roman Emperor told the council to resign all three popes New pope chosen, Martin V  Result Ended the Great Schism Papacy weakened

Englishman: John Wycliffe  Said Jesus Christ, not the pope was the true head of the Church  Bible, not the pope was the final authority for Christian life

Jan Hus, said authority of Bible higher than the pope  Excommunicated in  1414 Hus seized by Church leaders, burned at the stake in 1415.

Another name: Black Death 1300’s 1/3 of the population Tore communities apart

Began in Asia Arrived by ship Swept through Italy  Took four years  Killed almost 25 million Europeans

Carried by black rats People didn’t bathe, most had fleas or lice Garbage and sewage thrown into the streets Fleas leapt from person to person Symptoms  Painful swellings (called buboes) in the lymph nodes, especially in the armpits and groin  Purplish, blackish spots, high fever, shills, delirium, death Approximately 75 million died world-wide

Social and Economic changes (see page 401)

War marked the end of medieval Europe’s society What was the war about?  French Throne England's Edward III claimed the right to French throne Lasted from Ultimately, the French drove out the English Warfare changed

Battle of Crecy (read) “machine gun” of the Middle Ages As tall, or taller than the man Fatal when shot within 100 yards per minute Could hit 200 yards away

Treaty between France and England  After French king Charles VI died, Henry V, from England, would take over.

Teenage French peasant girl, began to hear voices of saints  Told her to drive out the English  Crown should go to Charles VII. Led French army into victory at a battle near Orleans  Persuaded Charles to go to Reims.  He was crowned king. England’s allies, captured her and gave her to the English English gave her to church authorities Charles VII did nothing to help her Condemned as a witch and heretic, she was burned at the stake.

Nationalism French monarch power increased War of the Roses, period of English turmoil End of Hundred Years War end of Middle Ages