Do Now: One result of the Crusades was exposure to Muslim learning and exposure to the revival of the ancient works. What type of learning did the Greek scholars promote? How might these teachings clash with the Church?

–W. Europeans exposed to works of the ancients (b/c of the Muslims) –Greeks promoted logic/reason/science –Church promoted faith * When the Classics are revived, reason (science) vs. Church becomes an issue!!!

Remember! Not all of the Dark Ages was “dark” There was some education supported in monasteries There was increased trade and new business practices as a result of the agricultural and commercial revolution There was a growing middle class In some countries, certain liberties were written down (Magna Carta)

Today we will look at Medieval advancements during 1200s- 1300s in: -Philosophy -Math -Literature -architecture

What new focuses in learning took place in the High Middle Ages? In order to deal with the challenge of faith vs. science, scholars started promoting scholasticism: philosophy that used reason to support Christian beliefs –Ex. Thomas Aquinas was one of the most famous philosophers Adopted Arabic number system (easier) –Solve this math problem: MCMLXXX + MMCCCLX –Now solve this one: What types of advancements do you think happened in science (astrology, chemistry, etc)? Not much…

Scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas In order to better understand scholasticism, read an excerpt by the philosopher Thomas Aquinas and answer the questions on the sheet. Discuss/share with your partner

Scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas Scholastic scholars tried to illustrate the struggle humans face thinking about issues like God’s existence, when the world began, if something can exist before God, etc They presented their ideas using logic/reason BUT there was no Church bashing When a contradiction emerges, Aquinas still follow faith

Next up…changes that happened in literature!

How would you feel if I told you to read this IMPORTANT information and that it would vital to your life?! What’s the problem with this task? Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita mi ritrovai per una selva oscura, ché la diritta via era smarrita. In Medieval times, Church teachings (all written in latin) were unreadable to the average Christian…yet their mortal souls depended on these teachings!… That was scary and made them dependent on the Church

How did new ways of conveying literature/writing help society advance? Writing started to appear in the vernacular of the everyday people, instead of Latin  more people could learn! Dante Alighieri, who wrote Dante’s Inferno, was one of the most famous Italian poets who wrote in the vernacular

How does the illustration of Dante’s Inferno illustrate Christian themes?

Midway upon the journey of my life I found myself within a forest dark, For the straightforward pathway had been lost. –Dante’s Inferno The story emphasizes the importance of living of life without sin so you don’t lose your way!

How did new architecture in the Middle Ages improve upon earlier styles and support the Church? In order to answer this question, we will be doing some architecture analysis! The two common styles of architecture were: Romanesque and Gothic As you see each picture, write down DIFFERENCES between the two styles

Romanesque Church: St. Filibert, France, 10 c

Gothic Cathedral: Notre Dame, Paris, France

Romanesque Floor Plan

Gothic Floor Plan

Interior of a Romanesque Cathedral

Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

Discuss with your partner! What differences did you notice between the two? Which style seem more advanced? Explain your reasoning! How does all this architecture reinforce the role of the Church?

Romanesque Cathedral Architectural Style ÁRounded Arches. ÁBarrel vaults. ÁThick walls. ÁDarker, simplistic interiors. ÁSmall windows, usually at the top of the wall.

Gothic Cathedral Architectural Style ÁBegan in France in the 12 c – so now public work projects were based around architecture FOR the Church. And it was architecture that illustrated the church as strong and beautiful ÁPointed arches. ÁFlying buttresses. ÁStained glass windows. ÁElaborate, ornate interior. ÁTaller, more airy  lots of light. ÁLavish sculpture  larger-than-life.

St. Etienne, Bourges, late 12 c “Flying” Buttresses

Flying Buttress

Chartres Cathedral, Paris Royal Portal Jamb Figures The “Pillar People”

Cathedral Gargoyles

Stained Glass Windows ÁFor the glory of God. ÁFor religious instructions.

Notre Dame Cathedral

Which Cathedral Style Is Which?

Summary Question What are 3 ex’s that W. European society started to advance (move away from the dark ages) in High Middle Ages ( )? How was the Church reinforced during this time? (3 reasons)

Summary Question: Answers What are 3 ex’s that W. European society started to advance (move away from the dark ages) in High Middle Ages ( )? –More open minded to reason (scholasticism help) –New leanings: math! –Able to write in the vernacular so many people can start to write/understand writings How was the Church reinforced during this time? (3 reasons) –Scholasticism helps promote Church and reason together –Literature emphasizes Christian themes –Age of Cathedral building shows the grandeur of the religion; windows depict bible scenes; people connect beauty with religion