Chapter 14 The Latin West

I. Rural Growth and Crisis A.Peasants and Population 1.Rural Life Most Western Europeans were serfs Obliged to work land of large estates Long hours Half of labor went to the lord of the land Serfs not motivated to improve farming practices

I. Rural Growth and Crisis 2. Housing Serfs lived in small one room cottages -Thatched roofs -Little furniture -No luxuries Stark contrast to the manor house of the lord

I. Rural Growth and Crisis 3.Gender Men and women worked fields Equality in labor did not lead to equality in decision making Women were subordinate to men

I. Rural Growth and Crisis 4.Population Growth Europe’s population doubled between 1100 and 1345 Traditionally half of land remained fallow, or unplanted Three-field system -Grew crops on 2/3 of land -Planted the third field in oats -Oats restored nitrogen, and fertility, to the land -Increased output of Europe’s farms Horses began to replace oxen as plow animals -Faster, but more expensive

Read: Trade and Towns Answer Questions on a separate sheet of paper

Warm Up: How did the growth of population between impact Europe?

How did you purchase goods in Medieval Europe?

II. Urban Revival A.Trading Cities 1.Trade Centers Constantinople -Connected Europe to the Silk Road Venice -Brought goods from Middle East to Italy Flanders -Traded manufactured goods (textiles)

II. Urban Revival 2.Mines and Mills Mechanical devices began to aid production Mills powered by water or wind were used to: -Grind grain into flour -Saw logs into lumber -Crush olives -Tan leather -Make paper

Water and Wind Mills

II. Urban Revival 3. Iron Making New technology led to the expansion of iron making Stamping mills broke up iron trip hammers pounded it Bellows (1323) raised temperature of the forge Blast furnaces developed in 1380

II. Urban Revival 4. Iron Mining Mining expanded to increase demand for iron Techniques for deep mining developed Led to development of new cities and towns

II. Urban Revival 5. Effects of technology Dams and canals for mills Quarry pits Pollution Increased deforestation

II. Urban Revival B. Gothic Cathedrals 1.Competition Growing cities tried to outdo one another Gothic Cathedrals First build in France in about 1140

II. Urban Revival 2. Characteristics pointed Gothic (vaulted) arch -Replaced traditional Roman rounded arch External (flying) buttresses -Stabilized high walls -Allowed builders to build taller cathedrals Stained glass

Gothic (vaulted) arch

External (flying) buttresses

Stained Glass

Cathedrals Notre Dame – Paris, France Koln Cathedral - Cologne, Germany

How was trade carried out in the Middle Ages?

Read: Commercial Revolution Answer Questions

Count off by 3

Everyone who was a #2 put your head down.

Imagine, if all the people who have there heads down, are dead The plague killed 1/3 of the population of Europe

What would you do if you knew that there was a 1 in 3 chance you were going to get sick and die in the next few months?

III. The Black Death and Social Change A.The Plague 1.Arrival The Black Death (Bubonic Plague) arrived in Europe in 1346 Spread from Asia Struck Mongol armies attacking city of Kaffa on the Black Sea Genoese traders took the disease back to Italy During the next to years the disease spread along trade routes of Europe

III. The Black Death and Social Change 2. Symptoms Boils the size of eggs in groin and armpits Black blotches on skin Foul body odor Severe pain

III. The Black Death and Social Change 3. Reaction People had no way to stop the disease. Some people turned to magic and witchcraft for cures. Some plunged into wild pleasure, believing they would die soon anyways Some say plague as God’s punishment -whipped themselves to show that they had repented their sins blamed Jews for poisoning wells -thousands of Jews were slaughtered

III. The Black Death and Social Change 4. Economic Effects Workers and employers died Production declined Survivors demanded higher wages Laws passed to limit wages Peasants and artisans saw laws as plots by the rich, started revolts -unsuccessful

III. The Black Death and Social Change 5. Social Effects Serfdom disappears in Western Europe -Serfs bought their freedom or ran away Landowners grew less labor intensive crops -Increased use of draft animals, laborsaving tools Plague did not effect animals, more meat was available for survivors -Welfare of the peasants increased People fled manors to the towns Guilds tried to limited new members

Warm Up: What were the effects of the Black Plague on Europe?

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change A.Universities and Learning 1.Effects of Arab Conquests Arab Conquest of Byzantine lands led to many Greek and Arabic manuscripts to travel west Translated into Latin -Philosophical works by Plato and Aristotle -Ancient Greek writings on medicine, mathematics, geography -Muslim writings on science and philosophy

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 2. Development of Universities From , number of universities in Europe grew from 20 to 60. Teachers formed guilds to train professors, set professional standards Universities set curriculum for study (apprenticeship) Instituted final examinations for degrees -Students who passed exams received a teaching “license” -Students who completed longer training and successfully defended there scholarly work became “masters” or “doctors”

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 3.Curriculum Universities generally specialized in a particular branch of learning; Bologna was famous for its law faculty, others for medicine or theology. Theology was the most prominent discipline of the period theologians sought to synthesize the rational philosophy of the Greeks with the Christian faith intellectual movement known as scholasticism.

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change B.Humanists and Printers 1.Dante and Chaucer Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Geoffrey Chaucer (1340–1400) were among the great writers of the later Middle Ages. Dante’s Divine Comedy tells the story of the journey through the nine layers of Hell and his entry into Paradise, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales is a rich portrayal of the lives of everyday people in late medieval England.

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 2.Humanism An interest in classical Greek and Roman learning Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and ethics Francesco Petrarch ( ) father of Humanism Renaissance- rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman knowledge

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 3. Influence of Humanism Curriculum became core of University education Ancient Greek and Rome became model -Not the Bible New translations of the Bible

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 4. Printing Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable type printing press (1450’s). Use of individual metal letters rather than carved wood blocks. Made printing faster, cheaper More reading material available to the public

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 5. Effects of Printing New ideas spread faster Books can reach wider audiences Bible translated into vernacular Lessoned the dependence on the clergy -people could consult, interpret the Bible for themselves. Broke churches monopoly on religious information

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change C. Renaissance Artist 1. Subject Matter Shift in subject of art, away from strictly religious art, and portraits of nobles Many artist began to portray Greek and Roman subjects scenes of daily life

IV. Learning, Literature and Social Change 2. Style Naturalism Individualism Realism