Do Now: Take a legal size sheet of paper and take your seat. For the next 15-20 minutes, recreate as best as you can from memory a map of the world. As much as you can, your map should include: all continents, major bodies of water 5 physical features (mountains, rivers, deserts) 5 political features (borders, cities, countries) 5 economic features (trade goods, natural resources) 5 arrows to show movement of people

Discussion Which country did you draw first? Is it disproportionately large? Continents - Where does Europe and Asia begin and end? Should it be Eurasia? Where is Turkey? Asia or Europe? Does it matter? Should Turkey be allowed to join the EU? Where is Mexico - Economically it is North America - Culturally it is South America What features did you include?

Objective We will apply spatial thinking by creating mental maps of the world We will be able to identify the various forms of map and map projections We will apply this knowledge to create a cognitive map of our neighborhood (hw)

AP Exam Relevance 1st Goal of the AP Exam in HUG is to test students’ ability to “use and think about maps and spatial data.”

“A Map is the Greatest of All Epic Poems “A Map is the Greatest of All Epic Poems. Its lines and colors show the realization of Great Dreams.” --Gilbert H. Grosvenor National Geographic Editor (1903-1954)

Huh? What’s This? How is this an example of spatial thinking?

Why Maps? Maps—graphic representations of all or part of the Earth's surface drawn to scale—are the most important tool of geographers. Maps and geography are practically synonymous, and mapmaking (cartography) is as old as geography itself. The spatial perspective is geography's unifying bond and there is no better way to demonstrate insights gained through spatial analysis than through the use of maps. Maps are our "window on the world." Maps are used to portray the distinctive character of places; their relationship to environmental issues; the movements of people, goods, and ideas; and regions of various types. Maps are used to wage war, make political propaganda, solve medical problems, locate shopping centers, bring relief to refugees, warn of natural hazards—in short, for countless purposes.

Perceptions Based on Maps All Maps attempt to show a three dimensional object as a two-dimensional one Therefore, all maps distort the Earth in some fashion; none are a perfect replica of the globe itself

Activity Take an ordinary piece of notebook paper Try to manipulate it to form a sphere None of the paper should overlap or fold too much so as to hide any of the papers surface

Activity Discussion Were you successful? Why or why not? How might this apply to the concept of maps of the world?

Can you tell the Difference? What are these?

Map Projections When you attempt to portray the spherical globe in 2-Dimensions on one sheet of paper What are some of the challenges when trying to do so? Think about the paper activity....

Map Projections – The Ideal Has: Conformality is the characteristic of true shape, wherein a projection preserves the shape of any small geographical area. This is accomplished by exact transformation of angles around points. One necessary condition is the perpendicular intersection of grid lines as on the globe. The property of conformality is important in maps which are used for analyzing, guiding, or recording motion, as in navigation. Equivalence is the characteristic of equal area. Preservation of equivalence involves an inexact transformation of angles around points and thus, is mutually exclusive with conformality except along one or two selected lines. The property of equivalence is important in maps which are used for comparing density and distribution data, as in populations. Equidistance is the characteristic of true distance measuring. The scale of distance is constant over the entire map. This property can be fulfilled on any given map from one, or at most two, points in any direction or along certain lines. Equidistance is important in maps which are used for analyzing velocity, e.g. ocean currents. Typically, reference lines such as the equator or a meridian are chosen to have equidistance and are termed standard parallels or standard meridians. True direction is characterized by a direction line between two points which crosses reference lines, e.g. meridians, at a constant angle or azimuth. These are termed rhumb lines and this property makes it comparatively easy to chart a navigational course. However, on a spherical surface, the shortest surface distance between two points is a great circle along which azimuths constantly change. Thus, a more desirable property may be where certain great circles are represented by straight lines. This characteristic is most important in aviation. Note that all meridians are great circles, but the only parallel that is a great circle is the equator.

Three Types of Projections Planar - Project the Earth onto a plane that touches—or, technically, is tangent to—the globe at a single point, and you get a planar projection. Because this projection, also known as an azimuthal projection, is most accurate at its center, it is often used for maps focusing on one of the Poles. Conic - Cap the globe with a cone to achieve a conic projection. Cut open the cone, and the basis of a map emerges. The map will be least distorted along the line where the cone touches the sphere. Conic projections are handy for portraying the United States, which fits nicely within the resulting smile-shaped map. Cylindrical - Swaddle the globe and project its surface onto a cylinder. Slit the cylinder and flatten it into a map. This projection is most accurate near the Equator and greatly distorted near the Poles. The most famous cylindrical map is the Mercator projection, perfect for navigation but poor for teaching geography. Peters is also cylindrical.

Planar Projection

Conic

Cylindrical Projection

Mercator

Mercator cylindrical designed for European sailors - useful for finding directions/charting sailing course severely distorts the size of the extreme north and south countries example: Greenland and Africa

Robinson

Robinson Robinson projection is a compromise which attempts to preserve enough of area, shape, distance, and direction so that the earth looks right - but actually preserves none of them.

Winkel Tripel Projection

Winkel Tripel Projection In 1998 replaced the Robinson as the official map of the National Geographic Society It is claimed to be the best overall whole- earth map projection known, producing very small distance errors, small combinations of ellipticity and area errors, and the smallest skewness of any map.

Peters Projection

Peters Projection

Peters The Peters Projection is known as the equal- area cylindric or cylindric equal-area projection Changes also include moving the Bering Strait Projection was largely associated with disparaging the Mercator projection as biased towards 3rd world countries, and promoted itself as a more appropriate map

West Wing Video clip Upon what basis are they suggesting a different projection? For map accuracy and for social equality... Is this a valid argument to make? Why or why not?

What about it? Why not?

Bottom Line All map projections have benefits and drawbacks, you (geographers) will use different projections to convey different information.

Latitude and Longitude Most maps sport a grid, or graticule, of imaginary lines. Running north-south and converging at the Poles, meridians of longitude measure distance from the prime meridian (running through Greenwich, England). Parallels of latitude girdle the globe from east to west. The largest parallel, the Equator, is the belt around the planet’s waist. The grid may look like nonsensical swirls on some projections, but the coordinates remain the same.

Map Scales Large scale means a more detailed map The smaller the right hand number the larger the scale of the map 1:75000 is a more detailed map then 1:600000 which is a small scale map

Which is the larger scale?

Reference maps General- Purpose maps with a variety of common features like cities, boundaries, mountains, or roads are known as reference maps

Thematic maps A map that demonstrates a particular feature or a single variable. Four types of thematic map are Dot maps Choropleth maps Proportional symbol maps Isoline maps

Dot Maps – A thematic map in which a dot is used to represent some frequency of the mapped variable. A simple dot map of commercial wireless antennas in the USA.

U.K. Conservation sites

Choropleth Maps A thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones Themes could include economic factors, population factors, political factors etc.

Population Density

Population Density pt. 2

Pop vs Soda vs Coke

Swine Flu Map Great Example of a Proportional Symbol Map http://flutracker.rhizalabs.com/

Isoline Maps

Mental Maps Maps are not always printed. Everyone has a mental map—a map in their mind—that has developed over years of looking at wall maps, atlas maps, and maps in books, magazines, and newspapers. People’s perception of places and regions is influenced by their individual mental maps as well as printed maps. Since one's perception of different places is a combination of general information, personal experiences, and what is called "hearsay" in the legal profession, that perception is not always accurate. They are also known as Cognitive Maps What you drew today was a Cognitive Map of the world.

One Mental Map of How America Sees the World

Cartogram Map in which a theme is substituted for land area mass Themes could include GDP, Population, political influence

Population Cartogram

World Gross Domestic Product

GDP Cartogram

The World At Night