Blacks and Whites in the Post-Reconstruction South The Birth of Jim Crow: Blacks and Whites in the Post-Reconstruction South Origin of term.

Timeline 1877: Hayes Compromise 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson 1905: “Jim Crow” laws thruout South 1877: virtual end Reconstruction; “redeemers” win.

Work in South Per capita income static, 1880-1900 1900: 6% workers in manufacturing Sharecropping, tenancy. Autonomy.

Education Ad hoc schools; opportunity for black women By 1800s, black women teachers. By 1900, 1/3, 5-14 in school. Clifton FL Colored School, c. 1900 Ad hoc schools; opportunity for black women

Violence KKK other paramilitary Anti-black political leadership/resistance 3000 lynched 1880-1900 Lynchings pre-1900 mostly South, though all states. Overall, 75% black. Peak 1892. Hahn: continuity with slave patrol etc. in slave times. 1889

Lynching Lynchings thruout US White & Black GA, MS, TX highest Laura Nelson, Okemah. 1882-1968: 4700+. most in GA(531-90% blk), MS(581-90% blk), TX(493-2/3 blk). OK 122, 2/3 white. DEL, MD, VT: 1 each. Most common causes: homicide, rape/attempted rape. Okemah, OK 1911

Anti-Violence "They had made me an exile and threatened my life for hinting at the truth."[8 ] Wells: after 3 friends lynched. Anti-lynching campaign, 1892 Ida B. Wells, 1862-1931

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Separate but equal: constitutional Legal justification for segregation until Brown v. Board, 1954 Recruited for case(Parks). Organization. Homer Plessy, Octoroon

Southern Segregation Few states had laws before Plessy; by 1905: all. When OK became state in 1907, it too. Northern de facto socially as well.

Segregated South separate toilets, fountains, pools, hospitals, parks, schools, ball fields, cabs, libraries. separate sections of theaters, busses, trains. interracial marriage prohibited De facto prohibition from voting, running for public office.

Segregated South Served after whites in stores. Required to address whites as Mr., Mrs. Etc. while called “boy,” “aunty,” etc. Required to remove hat when greeting, make way on sidewalk, approach back door. Whites cd enter w/o knocking, sit w/o being asked, address disrespectfully if chose. Extent varied from state to state, county to county, town to town. Transgressions severely punished.

Boon to Black Business “Negro Wall Street” Durham NC, c. 1900 Black Elite “Negro Wall Street” Tulsa OK, c. 1920

Black Leadership First principal, Tuskegee Normal School, 1881 National prominence, 1895 Series of higher ed. ; Tuskegee b/w founders. Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915

Black Leadership First black teacher, DC Schools Leader, NACWC Founding member, NAACP Mary Church Terrell, c. 1900

Black Leadership First black Ph.D. from Harvard Professor, writer Founder, Niagara Movement, 1905 (NAACP) Assertive approach. All these leaders working first in education. By turn of 20th, ready to push back against segregation. WEB DuBois, Paris, 1900

Reconstruction Amendments 13th – Banned slavery in the U.S. (?) 14th – gave all blacks same rights – Bill of Rights 15th - Black MEN could vote

Homer Plessy’s Grave

Homer Plessy

Also buried near Plessy

Questions? Calhoun, AL Colored School, c. 1900 Eventually Great Migration. Calhoun, AL Colored School, c. 1900