Racial Segregation Black Codes- U.S. States passed these laws to take away the Civil Rights of African Americans. Occurred in former Confederate States in the 1860s and the laws went on a state by state basis Examples of Black Codes: Literacy Tests to vote Licenses required for work, marriage, weapons, property ownership, etc. NO Vagrancy, required to work, and the Codes regulated the type of work, and the hours of labor

Jim Crow Laws Supplement the Black Codes and serve to racially separate blacks from whites

Origin of the term “Jim Crow” The "Jim Crow" figure was a fixture of the minstrel shows that toured the South; a white man made up as a black man sang and mimicked stereotypical behavior in the name of comedy. http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/gallery.cgi?collection=crow

Sheet music cover illustration with caricatures of ragged African-American musicians and dancers. 1847 http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/gallery.cgi?collection=crow

Sheet music cover illustration with caricatures of ragged African-American musicians and dancers. 1847 http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/gallery.cgi?collection=crow

The most recognizable trademark in the world by 1900, Bull Durham tobacco ads and trading cards typically depicted caricatures of foolish looking or silly acting blacks to draw attention to its product. Each ad has a green bull somewhere in the image. http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/gallery.cgi?collection=crow

Two silly looking black hunters have all the equipment for the hunt, but no match with which to light their cigarettes. The hunters are exaggerated images of blacks trying to imitate white people at sport. Notice the trademark green bull in the background. The Bull Durham bull together with the stereotypical images of blacks were a standard part of America's popular culture at the turn of the century. http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/gallery.cgi?collection=crow

Jim Crow Laws Mental Hospitals The Board of Control shall see that proper and distinct apartments are arranged for said patients, so that in no case shall Negroes and white persons be together. Georgia Intermarriage It shall be unlawful for a white person to marry anyone except a white person. Any marriage in violation of this section shall be void. Georgia Barbers No colored barber shall serve as a barber [to] white women or girls. Georgia Burial The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons. Georgia

Jim Crow Laws Pool and Billiard Rooms It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards. Alabama Toilet Facilities, Male Every employer of white or negro males shall provide for such white or negro males reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities. Alabama Intermarriage The marriage of a person of Caucasian blood with a Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu shall be null and void. Arizona Intermarriage All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited. Florida Cohabitation Any negro man and white woman, or any white man and negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars. Florida

Jim Crow Laws Circus Tickets All circuses, shows, and tent exhibitions, to which the attendance of...more than one race is invited or expected to attend shall provide for the convenience of its patrons not less than two ticket offices with individual ticket sellers, and not less than two entrances to the said performance, with individual ticket takers and receivers, and in the case of outside or tent performances, the said ticket offices shall not be less than twenty-five (25) feet apart. Louisiana The Blind The board of trustees shall...maintain a separate building...on separate ground for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the colored or black race. Louisiana

Philadelphia, 1889: Removing an African American from a Philadelphia Railway car--after the implementation of Jim Crow, the integration imposed by Reconstruction was stripped away by new laws. http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/gallery.cgi?collection=crow

Supreme Court Decision Racial Restrictions: Supreme Court Decision Plessy vs. Ferguson- 1896- court decision that upheld a Louisiana law that required segregated railroad facilities; there was a much debated issue as to whether state-sponsored segregation was discrimination; the court ruled that segregation did not constitute discrimination so long as accommodations for both races were equal.

Reactions to African Americans Legal Status DeJure Discrimination: Discrimination codified into law (Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson) DeFacto Discrimination: Discrimination carried out in practice (AA simply not shown an apartment in a white building; AA not hired for a position with no explanation) KKK Terrorist group whose purpose it was to make sure AA and others did not challenge discrimination or try to exercise their rights as an American citizen Lynchings Use by southern whites to terrorize and intimidate blacks who were voting and assuming political power Reasons mobs gave for lynching blacks was because of crimes they had allegedly committed against whites; however, journalist Ida B. Wells showed in her investigations that many presumed crimes were exaggerated or didn't occur at all.

The costumes and rituals of the new Ku Klux Klan became symbols of terror in America during the first three decades of the twentieth century. (1915). The new Klan spread all over the nation with a membership numbering over three million in the 1920s. http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/gallery.cgi?collection=crow

Social Darwinism as a justification for discrimination: Comparison of Skull Types

Emergence of African American Leaders Booker T. Washington W. E. B. Dubois Marcus Garvey

Booker T. Washington Born a slave in 1858 Spoke before the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta. Atlanta Compromise address was one of the most important and influential speeches in American history. Acutely conscious of the narrow limitations whites placed on African Americans‘ economic aspirations, Washington stressed that blacks must accommodate white people’s—and especially southern whites’—refusal to tolerate blacks as anything more than sophisticated menials until they were ready to accept them in a different capacity. On September 18, 1895 Booker T. Washington, the noted African-American educator who was born a slave in 1858, spoke before the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta. His Atlanta Compromise address, as it came to be called, was one of the most important and influential speeches in American history. Acutely conscious of the narrow limitations whites placed on African Americans‘ economic aspirations, Washington stressed that blacks must accommodate white people’s—and especially southern whites’—refusal to tolerate blacks as anything more than sophisticated menials.

Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise Speech A ship lost at sea for many days suddenly sighted a friendly vessel. From the mast of the unfortunate vessel was seen a signal: “Water, water. We die of thirst.” The answer from the friendly vessel at once came back: “Cast down your bucket where you are.” A second time, the signal, “Water, send us water!” went up from the distressed vessel. And was answered: “Cast down your bucket where you are.” A third and fourth signal for water was answered: “Cast down your bucket where you are.” The captain of the distressed vessel, at last heeding the injunction, cast down his bucket and it came up full of fresh, sparkling water from the mouth of the Amazon River. To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land, or who underestimate the importance of preserving friendly relations with the southern white man who is their next door neighbor, I would say: “Cast down your bucket where you are.” Cast it down, making friends in every manly way of the people of all races, by whom you are surrounded. In 1895, Booker T. Washington gave what later came to be known as the Atlanta Compromise speech before the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta. His address was one of the most important and influential speeches in American history, guiding African-American resistance to white discrimination and establishing Washington as one of the leading black spokesmen in America. Washington’s speech stressed accommodation rather than resistance to the racist order under which Southern African Americans lived. In 1903, Washington recorded this portion of his famous speech, the only surviving recording of his voice.

W. E. B. DuBois Critique of Booker T. Washington’s policy of racial accommodation and gradualism in his collection Wrote The Souls of Black Folk with an essay entitled “Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others.” DuBois rejected Washington’s willingness to avoid rocking the racial boat, calling instead for political power, insistence on civil rights, and the higher education of Negro youth. The most influential public critique of Booker T. Washington’s policy of racial accommodation and gradualism came in 1903 when black leader and intellectual W.E.B. DuBois published an essay in his collection The Souls of Black Folk with the title “Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others.” DuBois rejected Washington’s willingness to avoid rocking the racial boat, calling instead for political power, insistence on civil rights, and the higher education of Negro youth.

Marcus Garvey Organized the first Black Nationalist movement Formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which promoted self-reliance for African Americans without white involvement. Garvey wanted American blacks to go back to Africa to create a new empire. Garvey wanted African Americans to have economic success. His Black Star Line promoted trade among Africans around the world. About 2 million mostly poor African Americans joined UNIA.

African American Organizations Niagara Movement- 1905; founded by W.E.B. DuBois; purpose was to achieve political and economic equality; the Niagara Movement would eventually become the NAACP in 1909 (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). NAACP- 1909; derived from the Niagara Movement; primarily middle class and elitist; early objective was to establish legal challenges but this did little to help the majority of lower-class African Americans.