Post-colonial Literature for Children – EDU32PLC Week 6 Lecture 12 Monocultures and Multicultures © La Trobe University, David Beagley, 2006.

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Presentation transcript:

Post-colonial Literature for Children – EDU32PLC Week 6 Lecture 12 Monocultures and Multicultures © La Trobe University, David Beagley, 2006

References Use the Library catalogue, databases and other searching tools to examine the history of immigration to Australia, and the evolution of social attitudes to “outsiders”. Bunbury, R. (1997) Old neighbours, new visions - at a melting point? Kroll, J. (1997) The new Fringe Dwellers: the problem of ethnicity in recent Australian children’s picture books. Both in Old neighbours, new visions: selected papers from the 1st conference of the Australian Children’s Literature Association for Research, ed. Maureen Nimon. Adelaide: University of South Australia (Bunbury on e-reserve, Kroll not, due to copyright rules!)

Foreign Children - RL Stevenson 1885 Little Indian, Sioux or Crow / Little frosty Eskimo, Little Turk or Japanee / Don’t you wish that you were me? You have seen the scarlet trees / And the Lion over seas, You have eaten ostrich eggs / And turned the turtle off its legs. Such a life is very fine / But it’s not so nice as mine: You must often, as you trod / Have wearied, not to be abroad. You have curious things to eat / I am fed on proper meat; You must dwell beyond the foam / But I am safe and live at home. Little Indian, Sioux or Crow / Little frosty Eskimo, Little Turk or Japanee / Don’t you wish that you were me?

Cultural markers How is one culture distinguished from another? Language Religious beliefs - morality and expressions of right and wrong Social groups - family, kinship, castes/classes. Responsibilities to each other History - how it has been shaped, and treated in relation to other cultures Outward expressions of identity - e.g. appearance, symbols, gestures, food, behaviour

Multiculturalism Relating to several cultural groups Co-existing Inclusive - allows the equivalence of those several Respect for, and acceptance of, differences Breaks the binary pattern of superior/inferior - invader/indigenous - imperial/provincial Difficulties: how are contradictions resolved?

Assimilation The culture of one group is seen as the norm in a society Other groups are allowed freedom for personal expression of their culture …but … Are expected to adapt their cultural markers to the pattern allowed by that norm, if there is a contradiction Difficulties: how are contradictions resolved?

Apartheid Separate development of cultures in a society - Apart + hood Developed and formalised in South Africa Expressed by separation - transport and social facilities, schooling, ownership and economics In theory, to allow cultural integrity to be maintained and developed In practice, the suppression of “other” groups to the advantage of a dominant

Evolution of Australia’s multiculturalism Settlement / Invasion - depending which side you were on. Anglo-Celtic soldiers and convicts 1820s-40s - Free settlers - Anglo-Celtic 1850s - Gold Rush - immense & rapid migration European, US, and Chinese 1860s - continuing European, restrictions on Chinese 1890s - White Australia - Blackbirding - the Bush ethos - Federation and independence

Evolution of Australia’s multiculturalism 1900s - White Australia strictly enforced, British Empire identity dominant 1910s - First World War - anti-German hysteria 1920s - resumption of European migration, especially Italian for farming/orchards 1930s - Depression, European Jewry fleeing Hitler 1940s - WW2 - post-war migration boom from war- torn Europe, £10 Poms, Dutch, Italian Arthur Caldwell - “2 Wongs don’t make a white” 1950s - Factory fodder, Snowy scheme

Evolution of Australia’s multiculturalism 1960s - Swing to Eastern Europe - Poland, Yugoslavia, Hungary etc., trickle of non-Europeans referendum to give Aborigines citizenship. 1970s - Vietnam War - boat people and refugees. Major shift from the European to Asian and African 1980s - Multiculturalism emerges as social concept, especially around Bicentennial. Advertising campaigns and festivals 1990s s - Queue jumpers, detention centres, “we will decide who comes here”