How were the rights of African-Americans denied during the New South movement?

JIM CROW LAWS After Reconstruction in 1877, conservative white Democrats regained control of government through the KKK and black codes that restricted freedmen’s rights. In order to preserve white supremacy, state and local governments began to create Jim Crow laws that segregated (or separated) blacks from whites in most public settings. Schools, military, housing, transportation, restaurants, restrooms, water fountains, and even cemeteries among other public settings were segregated. Blacks received inferior facilities and were punished for entering places designated for whites only. Jim Crow laws would not be repealed (ended) until the Civil Rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s.

I. Jim Crow Laws 1.What were Jim Crow laws? Laws created in GA starting in the 1890s that made it mandatory for blacks and whites to have separate public spaces and facilities. 2. Why did white, southern Democrats create Jim Crow laws? Jim Crow laws were originally created by white, Southern Democrats to “keep the peace” between blacks and whites who were in coming into contact with one another more than ever before as black and white sharecroppers and tenant farmers left rural areas and moved to urban areas to find new jobs in newly-built factories and businesses 3. List at least 4 public facilities or spaces that were segregated under Jim Crow Laws? schools, parks, restrooms, and railroad and street cars.

PLESSY v. FERGUSON Supreme Court case in 1896 that made it constitutionally legal for racial segregation, as long as facilities were “separate but equal”. Homer Plessy, a man with only 1/8 th black ancestry and 7/8 white ancestry was arrested for riding in a “whites only” railroad car. He tried to sue claiming that his 14 th amendment rights had been violated, however, 7 Supreme Court justices ruled that is was not against the law to keep the races segregated. This ruling allowed racism to go unpunished in the South.

II. Plessy v. Ferguson 4. How did Homer Plessy challenge Jim Crow laws in 1892 in Louisiana? Homer Plessy bought a train ticket from New Orleans to Covington, Louisiana. Because he was 7/8 white and 1/8 black, he took a seat in the “whites only” car. When he refused to move he was arrested under the “Jim Crow Car Act of 1890,” which required “separate-but-equal” accommodations for white and blacks on railroad cars. 5. The US Supreme Court said that Plessy DID/ DID NOT (circle one) have a right to sit in the whites-only car. 6. An important outcome of the Plessy v. Ferguson case is that Southern states were given the right to promote what practice that separated the races? Segregation

III. The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot

7. Why did the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot break out? Stories of rape of young, white girls by black men. 8. Were the accusations of Annie Laurie Poole’s rape true? NO 9. Describe three effects of the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot? Black-owned property and business were vandalized and destroyed. Atlanta was placed under Martial Law to restore order and peace more than 20 people died and hundreds were injured III. The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot

RACIAL VIOLENCE Riots, lynchings, mob attacks, threats and intimidation were ways whites were able to enforce black codes and Jim Crow laws. The legal system did very little to protect the rights of blacks in the South. Hate groups like the KKK used violence to keep blacks from voting or exercising other rights that were supposed to be protected in the US Constitution. Racial violence also played a role in the Great Migration of blacks moving to northern cities.

IV. Racial Violence 10. What are lynchings? Lynching occurs when a mob kills someone, especially by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial. 11. What was the purpose of lynching? lynching was a visible sign of white supremacy 12. GA had the 2 nd highest number of lynchings from Mississippi was the only state to have more.

DISENFRANCHISEMENT The 15th amendment of the US Constitution provided voting rights for African Americans. Angry southern racist whites did not want to let go of their power in state and local government. In order to preserve white supremacy, Georgia politicians began passing laws to restrict or deny (disenfranchise) the right of blacks to vote in elections. Literacy tests and poll taxes were targeted to keep blacks from voting that had been denied the right to an education and denied money for their work because of slavery. However, this kept poor & uneducated whites from voting too. The Grandfather clause gave back the right to vote to poor whites if they were related to someone who could vote before 1867, however, since blacks could not vote prior to 1867 this excluded them from being able to vote. Other unfair ways to disenfranchise blacks were white primaries, gerrymandering, and racial violence by KKK. POLL TAX LITERACY TEST GRANDFATHER CLAUSE WHITE PRIMARY GERRYMANDERING RACIAL VIOLENCE

V. Disenfranchisement 13. What is disenfranchisement? when you take away someone’s ability to vote Poll tax A tax or fee that had to be paid if you wanted to vote. 14. Describe the voting barriers African Americans faced.

V. Disenfranchisement Literacy tests Tests that were supposed to judge whether or not a person could read and write in order to vote but were often insanely difficult and impossible to pass. 14. Describe the voting barriers African Americans faced.

V. Disenfranchisement Grandfather Clause stated that only those men whose fathers or grandfathers had been able to vote in 1867 were now eligible to vote White Primary Due to the fact the at the dominate party in Georgia was the Democratic Party, most of the major decisions took place during the primary. The White Primary did not allow African Americans to vote in the all- important primary elections.

15. What was the purpose of the County-Unit System? It established a county unit system for political primaries. Under the county unit system, the 8 most populated counties had 6 county unit votes each (TOTAL = 48). The next 30 most populated counties had 4 county unit votes each (TOTAL = 120). And, the remaining 121 rural, less populated counties had 2 county unit votes each (TOTAL 242). The 38 most populated counties held 2/3 of Georgia’s voters, but the other 121 counties together could decide the outcome of a state election. Those who opposed the county unit system said that people were elected to office without a majority of the state’s popular vote, and those who supported it said that the system allowed small, less-populated counties to have the same power as larger ones. Simply put, the county unit system gave more power to the rural, less populated counties that to urban ones. This system, along with the “white primary,” was also used to limit the voting power of African Americans.

VI. Notable African Americans I. Booker T. Washington Former slave, founder of Tuskegee Institute, delivered “Atlanta Compromise” speech at the International Cotton Expo. in 1895, said equality would happen for blacks after they proved that they could be economically independent

VI. Notable African Americans II. W.E.B. DuBois Black educator and leader, believed ACTION was required if blacks were to be socially and politically equal with whites, helped found the NAACP. Also developed the concept of “the talented tenth” or an elite group of college educated African Americans who would use their talents and position to help end the segregation in American society.

VI. Notable African Americans III. John and Lugenia Burns Hope President of Morehouse and Atlanta Universities in Atlanta, believed blacks needed to demand social equality, helped to restore calm during the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot, helped found the NAACP, wife a civic leader, founded Neighborhood Union

VI. Notable African Americans IV. Alonzo Herndon Former slave, black entrepreneur, founder of the Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company, owned luxurious barber shops, “The Crystal Palace,” and rental properties in Atlanta

VII. The Leo Frank Case "The Ballad of Mary Phagan." Little Mary Phagan She left her home one day; She went to the pencil- factory To see the big parade. She left her home at eleven She kissed her mother good- by; Not one time did the poor child think That she was a-going to die. Leo Frank he met her With a brutish heart, we know; He smiled, and said, "Little Mary, You won't go home no more."

VII. The Leo Frank Case