Chapter 2 Safety and the Training Function Safety and the Training Function

The Safety Challenge Casualties Can occur anytime emergency service personnel are engaged in any activity Instructor challenge Provide realistic training that is similar to actual emergencies Provide maximum amount of safety during the exercise

The Safety Challenge Training casualties Statistics Training injuries continue to increase Heart attacks Traumatic injuries 10% of all annual LODD Instructor has full control Location Fire load Equipment

The Safety Challenge Casualty prevention Casualties can be reduced Policies and procedures Use currently accepted standards for training Incorporating safety Safety standards should be followed at all times Train to recognize changing conditions Impending danger Smoke changes

The Safety Challenge Casualty prevention NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions Instructors must be familiar with the requirements of this standard Safety requirements must be enforced Instructor in charge Designated incident safety officer Organizations administration

The Safety Challenge Casualty prevention NFPA standards Risk-management plan Identify risks Includes all job-related activities

The Safety Challenge Casualty prevention Administrative responsibilities Provide adequate PPE Ensure all equipment is maintained Ensure all safety equipment is maintained Provide policies and procedures for safe use of equipment Address fitness, health, and wellness

The Instructor’s Role Provide and require the use of approved PPE Provide training in safety topics and practices Teach the safest methods for accomplishing skills and tasks Adhere to safety regulations and standards both in training and emergency situations Establish and adhere to the NIMS Use a personnel accountability system

The Instructor’s Role Investigate, analyze, and correct unsafe activities and behaviors Establish safety policies and procedures Establish and use appropriate rehabilitation based on NFPA 1584 Conduct a brief safety critique at the end of every training drill Provide students with a positive, proactive safety role model

The Instructor’s Role Safe training environment For instructors and students Classrooms Props Permanent and mobile facilities Remote sites Acquired structures and facilities

The Instructor’s Role Planning safe training scenarios Involves two analysis processes Task analysis Determines the tasks emergency responders perform at emergency scene Hazard/risk analysis Determines the potential safety threats that may be encountered during training operations

The Instructor’s Role Inspecting and repairing facilities and props Inspection time schedule Industry practice Manufacturer’s recommendations Local needs Should also occur before any training course or scenario

The Instructor’s Role Monitoring training activities Instructors must continually monitor training activities Conditions during training can change rapidly and unexpectedly ISO is required during high-hazard training evolutions

The Instructor’s Role Monitoring training activities Watch for the following safety concerns Symptoms of physical and psychological stress Changes in weather conditions Unusual fire behavior Failure of PPE or respiratory protection equipment Audible alarms from personnel (PASS devices) Loss of water pressure or volume from supply hoses

The Instructor’s Role Instructor incident safety officer duties Outlined in NFPA 1521 Mandated in NFPA 1500 All instructors should meet the JPR’s for 1521 NFPA 1521 requires that the person filling the position of ISO should also meet the requirements of fire officer I

The Instructor’s Role Instructor incident safety officer duties Level I Instructor basic requirements Fire behavior (dynamics) Building construction Organization’s personnel accountability system Emergency scene rehabilitation

The Instructor’s Role Instructor incident safety officer duties Monitors the scene for unsafe conditions / actions Have authority to alter, suspend, or terminate any unsafe actions Immediately notify IC All other actions are done through the chain of command

The Instructor’s Role Instructor incident safety officer duties Ensure that the incident scene rehabilitation is established Monitor the scene and report the status of conditions, hazards and risks to IC Ensure that all personnel understand the IAP Provide the IC with a risk assessment of the IAP Designate safety zones, collapse zones, danger or hot zones

The Instructor’s Role Instructor incident safety officer duties Evaluate motor vehicle traffic hazards Monitor radio transmissions to ensure proper and effective communications Identify the need for additional assistant ISO’s Evaluate hazards associated with helicopter landings

The Instructor’s Role Instructor as safety role model When safety is emphasized and learned in training It tends to be remembered and practiced during calls The instructor is the primary role model Demonstrate Reinforce

The Instructor’s Role Reinforcing safety Safety must continually be emphasized Instructors influence the students When planning practical training evolutions Instructors look for potential hazards and eliminate them When conducting practical training evolutions Instructors must act as a ISO or appoint one

The Instructor’s Role Implementing safety plans Part of the risk management plan All organizations must establish safety policies What signals are given when an accident occurs? What to do when the signal is given? What steps to take to help the injured person? Whether training stops or proceeds?

Accident Prevention and Management Accident prevention The first step in safe training Loss of personnel Property Money Time

Accident Prevention and Management Accident management The second step for creating a safe training environment Identifying accident factors Investigating accidents that do occur Analyzing accidents that occurred Causes Trends

Accident Prevention and Management Prevention Accidents are usually the result of unsafe acts Unaware or uninformed of potential hazards Ignorance of safety policies Failure to follow safety procedures The majority of accidents are predictable and preventable

Accident Prevention and Management Accident prevention steps Plan carefully for training scenariosEnsure that appropriate personnel superviseInform students of safety policies and potential hazardsInspect all equipment before starting training sessionsAssign an ISO to each training session

Accident Prevention and Management Management During the accident Instructors must be able to manage the situation Advanced preparation Be aware of the factors that may result in an accident Post accident Instructors must be trained in the techniques of accident investigation and analysis

Accident Prevention and Management Factors that can lead to accident Management Oversight / Omission / Mismanagement Management Oversight / Omission / Mismanagement Situation Facilities / Tools / Equipment in disrepair Situation Facilities / Tools / Equipment in disrepair Environment Noise / Vibration / Temperature Extremes Environment Noise / Vibration / Temperature Extremes Human Ignorance or Innocence Human Ignorance or Innocence Improper Attitude Irresponsible / Uncooperative / Jealous Improper Attitude Irresponsible / Uncooperative / Jealous Lack of Knowledge or Skill Experience in Requisite Knowledge Lack of Knowledge or Skill Experience in Requisite Knowledge Physical Limitations Medical Conditions / Physical Ability Physical Limitations Medical Conditions / Physical Ability

Accident Prevention and Management Accident Investigations Accidents usually occur through a logical and predictable sequence of events Investigations should be fact-finding but not faultfinding procedures

Accident Prevention and Management Accident Investigations Objective driven Free of personal feelings

Accident Prevention and Management The purpose of the investigation Avoid loss of human resources and equipment Ensure cost-effectiveness Improve morale Determine the change or deviation of the cause

Accident Prevention and Management The purpose of the investigation Determine hazardous conditions Direct the attention of the administration to the causes of accidents Examine facts as though they have a legal bearing on accident cases

Accident Prevention and Management Analyzing the accident investigation Used to determine causes and make recommendations Prevent future accidents Includes reviewing current and past records

Accident Prevention and Management Risk Management and Accident Investigations High LowHighSeverity Frequency Area of Highest Priority Area of Lowest Priority

Accident Prevention and Management Mitigation Activities Driver / Operator Education Health and Fitness PASS Devices Incident Action Plans Rapid Intervention Teams Respiratory Protection Program

Resources: Safety Guidelines, Regulations, and Information Resources: Safety Guidelines, Regulations, and Information Lesson Plan Development Instructors must find reliable, accurate, and current information Federal government agencies State and local government occupational safety and health agencies Standards-writing organizations National Fire Protection Agency