IR.0 Internet References Frank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology 1/19/2004, Rev. 1.0 (321) (321) Some of the more important websites

IR.0 Overview Th

References: General Energy Websites Wind Energy elist Wind energy home powersite elist geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS Elist for wind energy experimenters Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population Federal Energy Regulatory Commission on OTEC systems telosnet.com/wind/20th.html solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

References: Fuel Websites Wind Energy elist Wind energy home powersite elist geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS Elist for wind energy experimenters Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population Federal Energy Regulatory Commission on OTEC systems telosnet.com/wind/20th.html solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

References: Geothermal Websites Wind Energy elist Wind energy home powersite elist geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS Elist for wind energy experimenters Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population Federal Energy Regulatory Commission on OTEC systems telosnet.com/wind/20th.html solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

References: Hydropower Websites Wind Energy elist Wind energy home powersite elist geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS Elist for wind energy experimenters Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population Federal Energy Regulatory Commission on OTEC systems telosnet.com/wind/20th.html solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

References: Nuclear Websites Wind Energy elist Wind energy home powersite elist geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS Elist for wind energy experimenters Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population Federal Energy Regulatory Commission on OTEC systems telosnet.com/wind/20th.html solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

References: Ocean Energy Websites Wind Energy elist Wind energy home powersite elist geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS Elist for wind energy experimenters Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population Federal Energy Regulatory Commission on OTEC systems telosnet.com/wind/20th.html solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

References: Solar Websites Wind Energy elist Wind energy home powersite elist geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS Elist for wind energy experimenters Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population Federal Energy Regulatory Commission on OTEC systems telosnet.com/wind/20th.html solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

References: Wind Websites Wind Energy elist Wind energy home powersite elist geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS Elist for wind energy experimenters Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population Federal Energy Regulatory Commission on OTEC systems telosnet.com/wind/20th.html solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

24 Conclusion: Internet References This

25.1 Some Interesting Facts Earth’s axial tilt = 23.5 degrees (23.45) Earth-sun distance = 92 M miles = 92,955,820.5 miles = 149,597,892 km Earth Equatorial Radius = m (WGS-77) Wind Turbine Power, P = ρ/2·A· U 3 watts, where ρ (rho) is kg/m 3, A is area = π r 2 m 2, r= blade radius in m, U = wind speed in m/s. “P = 0.5 · ρ · A · Cp · V 3 · N g · N b where: P = power in watts (746 watts = 1 hp) (1,000 watts = 1 kilowatt) ρ = air density (about kg/m 3 at sea level, less higher up) A = rotor swept area, exposed to the wind (m 2 ) Cp = Coefficient of performance (.59 {Betz limit} is the maximum theoretically possible,.35 for a good design) V = wind speed in meters/sec (20 mph = 9 m/s, or 2.24 mph = 1 m/s) N g = generator efficiency (50% for car alternator, 80% or possibly more for a permanent magnet generator or grid-connected induction generator) N b = gearbox/bearings efficiency (depends, could be as high as 95% if good)” (from AWEA, the American Wind Energy Association)

25.2 Some Interesting Facts Average wind power density, P/m 2 = 6.1x10 -4 v 3 watt/m 2, where v is m/s Locations: Arctic Circle is 66.55º N; Big Blow, Texas is 31º N, º W; Colon, Panama is 9.7º N, 80º W; Cicely, Alaska is 66.55º N, 145º W; Florida Tech, Melbourne FL, 28.2º N, 80.6º W; Panama City, Panama 8.97º N, 79.53º W; Paris, France is 48.8º N, 2.33º E; Area of sphere = 4 π r 2 Volume of a sphere is 4/3 π r 3 P=E*I=E 2 /R=I 2 R; E or V=IR Typical computer/monitor power is 150 watts. “Standard” 40 W fluorescent ceiling lamps were/are being replaced by newer T8, 32 W lamps. The Link Building power meter (SE corner) indicates a typical weekday power load to be 60 kW, and nights/weekends, it is 35 kW. A copy machine is on only during office hours (8 to 5) weekdays and usually draws 190 W. When copying, it draws 900 W. FPL charges $0.08/kWh for electricity (ignore demand charge and billing charge, taxes, etc.)

25.3 Some Interesting Facts Melbourne FL, Dec. 24-hour radiation on a horizontal surface is 150 W/m 2 and annual direct normal energy is 2.5 to 3.0 kWh/m 2. Air density is kg/m3;Kinetic energy = 0.5 mv 2 joules, where v is in m/s K.E. also = p / (R·T), where p = pressure, T = Kelvin, and R = gas constant = Joule/Kg/K for air Snell’s Law: Angle of Incidence = Angle of reflection Altitude of the sun = 90º -latitude + sun declination; azimuth is the horizontal angle clockwise from north (declination is the varying solar latitude)

References: Books Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, , TJ807.9.U6B76, ’4’0973. Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991 Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., , TJ820.G57, 621.4’5 Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN , TK1541.P , ’2136 Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN