Doaa M. Salah Lecturer of Pediatrics 2015

 Prevalence  Risk Factors.  Impact on graft function  Prevention  Management  Center study

 Prevalence  Risk Factors.  Impact on graft function  Prevention  Management  Center study

 The exact incidence of post TX VUR unknown as most cases asymptomatic and the only diagnostic tools is VCUG (not routine)

 In pediatrics, frequency is 36%, 34%, 55% in 3 studies done in 1987, 1999, 2000 respectively compared to 2- 80% in adults.

 Prevalence  Risk Factors.  Impact on graft function  Prevention  Management  Center study

(Bootsma., etal.,The clinical significance of VUR into transplanted kidney,clinical. Transplantation. 1987;1: ).

 The gender has no impact on VUR rate after renal transplant.  But male liable to develop post transplant retention while female have increased risk of UTI. (Farr et al., transplantaion,2014)

 Even after surgical correction of VUR before transplantation the frequency of f UTI remained higher than that in kidney transplant recipients without VUR. J Urol. 2006; 175(4):1490-2

 Bladder capacity decrease because of long term dialysis, it exceed 150 ml at 1 year post transplantation  A small bladder can be used in renal transplantation but it may increase the risk of VUR. (Takamitsue et al., Correlation between pre transplant dialysis duration, bladder capacity and prevelance of VUR to the graft, Transplantation.2011;92: )

Before implantation of donor kidney in the recipient (International Journal of Urology, 2011) Role of surgeon before TX is lower UT Sterile ContinentCompliant

 The slandered is ureteroneocystostomy (trans vesical or extra vesical, antireflux and non antireflux)  If double ureters…. managed as double blood supply to some extend  Other alternatives as ureteroenterostomy in intestinal conduit or pouch or pyelovesicostomy if the native ureter and graft ureter are unsuitable for urinery tract reconstruction.

 The Lich-Gregoir anastomosis is created by performing a cystotomy for 2 to 3 cm on the anterolateral surface of the bladder dome to expose mucosa of the bladder wall. A small incision is made in the mucosa. The transplanted ureter is trimmed and spatulated posteriorly. The mucosa of the bladder is sutured to the ureteral end with interrupted absorbable sutures. The detrusor muscle is closed over the anastomosis to create a submucosal tunnel with an antireflux mechanism

 The Politano-Leadbetter anastomosis is created by performing a cystotomy on the anterior side to visualize the interior of the bladder and expose the trigone. A second cystotomy is performed to create a new ureteric orifice. The transplanted ureter is tunneled submucosally for approximately 2 cm. The distal site is trimmed and spatulated anteriorly at an optimal length to ensure a tension-free anastomosis. The distal ureter is sutured to the bladder mucosa with interrupted absorbable stitches. The cystotomy is closed in two layers to ensure a watertight anastomosis.

LG significantly associated with lower incidence of urinary leakage and hematuria but no significant difference in stricture or reflux (Victor et al.,ureterovesical anastomosis techniques: systemic review and meta-analysis. Transplant international 2014)

 Prevalence  Risk Factors.  Impact on graft function  Prevention  Management  Center study

Controversial

 Immediate graft dysfunction (first week)  Early graft dysfunction (1-12 week)  Late acute graft dysfunction (>3monthes)  Chronic graft dysfunction (years)

 VUR increase the risk of UTI and pyelonephriyis  VUR possibly lead to hypertenstion and CAN (Howie et al., Reflux nephropathy in transplants. Pediatri Nephrol 2002;17: 485) (Favi et alm, long term clinical impact of VUR in KTX. Transplant Proceedings 2009;41:1218)

 Prevalence  Risk Factors.  Impact on graft function  Prevention  Management  Center study

Lower UT evaluation (voiding diary)

Lower UT evaluation VCUG (Detruser capacity, deformity, VUR, uretheral abnormality)

Lower UT evaluation VUDS (detruser evaluation: capacity, contractilitym, compliance, dysynergyia). Bladder deformity, VUR and uretheral deformability

 Studies evaluating VCUGs in asymptomatic renal transplant recipients have revealed VUR rates up to 86%  Pre protocol VCUG early after transplantation ???  The incidence of VUR is high although antireflux procedures used for implantation (American Journal of Transplantation 2013;13: )

 Universal prophylaxis involves giving an antimicrobial agent to all patients.  Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is given universally to all transplant recipients who do not have sulfa allergies.  TMP-SMX is effective for the prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP).  It provides effective prophylaxis against other pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes and Toxoplasma gondii. (Fishman et al., 1998)

 Prevalence  Risk Factors.  Impact on graft function  Prevention  Management  Center study

 Routine functional studies not indicated in potential recipients  Recipients with neurovesical dysfunction VCUG and pressure flow urodynamic study with or without cystoscopy  High pressure urine storage antimuscarinic medications or CISC before TX  Oliguric pt. start CISC before TX to allow teaching the family  Those unable to carry CISC urinery diversion (suprapupic cath, conduit, pouch or augmentation) (International Journal of Urology, 2011;18: )

 Long term Ab prophylaxis is sufficient for the majority of cases with post TX VUR

Surgical intervention is only indicated in intractable cases (recurrent graft UTI, UTI refractory to therapy with grade 4 to 5 reflux result in renal scaring or compromise graft function)  Reimplantation  Endoscopic injection of a bulking substance to the muscular post wall of the ureter vesical junction

 Prevalence  Risk Factors.  Impact on graft function  Prevention  Management  Center study

 54 pediatric transplant recipient  All received antibiotic prophylaxsis at least 6 mo  Obstructive uropathy diseases in 24% (included PUV 12.9%, vesicoureteric reflux 9.3%, neurogenic baldder 1.9%)  40% had UTI during their F/U period  54% of the episodes were in first 6 mo  (40% had recurrent UTI, 2% simple non recurrent UTI, 50% asymptomatic bacturia, 9% had pyelonephritis)  UTI significantlly higher in cases with primery obstructive uropathy

 Febrile UTI represents 40.9% of the studied UTI group compared to 54.4% with no symptoms.  6 cases (27% of UTI cases had variable degrees of VUR )  The outcome (graft survival) was similar in UTI and non UTI cases. Although UTI tend to affect graft function in low GFR levels <60 ml/min/1.73m2

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