Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 19, part 2 Blood

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Determined by the presence or absence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) Antigens A, B and Rh (D) Antibodies in the plasma (agglutinins) Cross-reactions occur when antigens meet antibodies Blood types

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.8 Figure 19.8 Blood Typing and Cross-Reactions

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.9 Figure 19.9 Blood Type Testing

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure Rh Factors and Pregnancy

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 19-5 The White Blood Cells

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Have nuclei and other organelles Defend the body against pathogens Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells Are capable of amoeboid movement (margination) and positive chemotaxis Some are capable of phagocytosis Leukocytes

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Granular leukocytes Neutrophils – 50 to 70 % total WBC population Eosinophils – phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies Basophils – migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin Types of WBC

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agranular leukocytes Monocytes - become macrophage Lymphocytes – includes T cells, B cells, and NK cells Types of WBC

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure White Blood Cells

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Indicates a number of disorders Leukemia = inordinate number of leukocytes Differential count

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Granulocytes and monocytes are produced by bone marrow stem cells Divide to create progenitor cells Stem cells may originate in bone marrow and migrate to peripheral tissues Several colony stimulating factors are involved in regulation and control of production WBC Production

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure The Origins and Differentiation of Formed Elements Animation: The origins and differentiation of blood cells PLAY

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 19-6 Platelets

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flattened discs Circulate for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes Platelets

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transporting chemicals important to clotting Forming temporary patch in walls of damaged blood vessels Contracting after a clot has formed Platelet functions

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Megakaryocytes release platelets into circulating blood Rate of platelet formation is stimulated by thrombopoietin, thrombocyte-stimulating factor, interleukin-6, and Multi-CSF Platelet production (thrombocytopoiesis)

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 19-7 Hemostasis

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis Prevents the loss of blood through vessel walls Three phases – Vascular phase Platelet phase Coagulation phase

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis Vascular phase Local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm) Platelet phase Platelets are activated, aggregate at the site, adhere to the damaged surfaces

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure The Vascular and Platelet Phases of Hemostasis

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coagulation phase Factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a clot Extrinsic pathway Intrinsic pathway Common pathway Suspended fibrinogen is converted to large insoluble fibrin fibers

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.14a Figure The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.14b Figure The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clot retraction Final phase of healing Platelets contract and pull the edges of the vessel together

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrinolysis Clot gradually dissolves through action of plasmin Activated form of plasminogen Clotting can be prevented through the use of drugs that depress the clotting response or dissolve existing clots Anticoagulants include heparin, coumadin, aspirin, dicumarol, t- PA, streptokinase, and urokinase

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The components of the cardiovascular system and its major functions. The important components and major functions of the blood. The characteristics and functions of red blood cells. The structure of hemoglobin and its functions. Red blood cell production and maturation.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities. The various white blood cells. The structure, function and production of platelets. The reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting.