1. 뇌졸중, 심근경색 또는 말초동맥성질환이 있 는 환자에서 죽상동맥경화성 증상의 개선 2. 급성관상동맥증후군 환자에서 죽상동맥경화 성 증상 ( 심혈관계 이상으로 인한 사망, 심근 경색, 뇌졸중 또는 불응성 허혈 ) 의 개선 3. 혈전 생성 억제 작용, blood clotting.

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CHAPTER 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES
Presented by Shana Shanto February 9, 2004
Presentation transcript:

1. 뇌졸중, 심근경색 또는 말초동맥성질환이 있 는 환자에서 죽상동맥경화성 증상의 개선 2. 급성관상동맥증후군 환자에서 죽상동맥경화 성 증상 ( 심혈관계 이상으로 인한 사망, 심근 경색, 뇌졸중 또는 불응성 허혈 ) 의 개선 3. 혈전 생성 억제 작용, blood clotting inhibitior

 1. 조직에 상처 발생시 조직에서 혈장으로 ADP(adenosine diphosphate) 유출  2. platelet( 혈소판 ) 표면 ADP receptor 인 P2Y 12 에 ADP 결합  3. ADP receptor 의 ligand binding  glycoprotein complex pathway  4. Glycoprotein complex: fibrinogen, fibronectin and von Willebrand factor 등 의 binding receptor  blood clotting final common pathway

혈액 응고반응

 Pro-drug 인 Clopidogrel 은 간에서 cytochrome P450 효소에 의해 activation 가장 중요한 activation 특징 ; Generation of sulfhydryl group

 G-protein coupled receptor  Location: Platelet membrane surface  Function: ADP receptor  key site for blood coagulation 

 Key step; activation and irreversible binding  activation of pro-drug  sulfhydryl group  간에서 활성화 된 plavix 가 platelet receptor 에 irreversible binding  Irreversible biding = covalent bond = disulfide bond  따라서 간에서의 활성화가 매우 중요하게 작용.

 GPCR 의 특징 : extracellular loop domain 이 ligand binding 에 매우 중요  P2Y 12 : loop domain 의 cystein

 1. 지질 대사 이상 증후군 환자의 증상완화, 유전적, 비유전적 이상지질혈증 ( 고지혈증 ) 의 증상 완화  2. 심혈관계 질환의 예방  3. lowering blood cholesterol level

 Lipid metabolism 의 한 갈래 ( 간에서 진행 )  Acetyl-CoA 와 Acetoacetyl-CoA 로 부터 ring structure 의 molecule 합성  Key regulation site; HMG-CoA reductase  HMG-CoA reductase: HMG-CoA 를 mevalonate 로 reduction 하는 enzyme, rate-limiting step enzyme

 HMG-CoA reductase inhibition ?  Statin 계열의 의약품 ; HMG-CoA recutase inhibitor  Atorvastatin(Lipitor™): HMG-CoA reductase 의 competitive inhibitor 로 작용  cholesterol 합성 저해

 HMG-CoA reductase (  Transmembrane protein(ER, Peroxisome)  Competitive inhibition: substrate 와 inhibitor 간의 구조적 유사성에 기인, HMG- like moiety  Bulky hydrophobic group???  K i =0.1~2.3nM, K m =4μM ; inhibitor 의 강한 결 합력

 HMG-CoA reductase 의 active site: tetramer 의 각 monomer 간의 interface 로 이루어져 있다.  CoA binding α-helix(c-terminal): conformation change  inhibitor 의 bulky hydrophobic group 이 active site 에 들어갈 수 있게 한다. (enzyme flexibility 이용 )

 Weak interaction 의 기여 ;  1. HMG-like moiety 와 enzyme 의 polar interaction(H-bonding, ionic pair): enzyme cis-loop 과 HMG-like moiety 는 많은 polar interaction 을 이룸  shape and charge complementarity 형성  2. Bulky hydrophobic group 과 enzyme active pocket 의 non-polar interaction: enzyme pocket 내부의 hydrophobic amino acid 와 inhibitor 의 hydrophobic group 이 van der waals interaction 형성  surface complementarity  3. 그 외의 weak interaction : carbonyl oxygen on the ring, fluorophenyl group 과 enzyme polar amino acid 간의 interaction

 A number of van der waals interaction between bulky hydrophobic ring structure and enzyme active pocket is important for strong binding of Lipitor to HMG-CoA reductase  To make van der waals interaction, enzyme flexibility is necessary (ex; La11 helix)

 1 세 이상의 인플루엔자 A 또는 B 바이러스 감 염증 치료 및 예방  Competitive inhibitor of Influenza virus neuraminidase  oseltamivir (tamiflu™)  Viral neuraminidase structure 에 기반한 drug design 으로 개발된 inhibitor

 Glycosidase  substrate: sialic acid (neuraminic acid) Glycoprotein 의 glycan chain 의 sialic acid  Exo&Endo- neuraminidase  viral neuraminidase 는 non-reducing end 의 sialic acid 를 특이적으로 잘라냄  exo- glycosidase  9 종류의 subtype  두 그룹으로 분류 ; 1. N1,N4,N5,N8 2. N2,N3,N6,N7,N9

 Group1, Group2 의 active site 구조 차이  antiviral drug(ex;tamiflu) resistance  Tetramer consist of 4 identical monomer  Very well conserved overall structure among different subtypes

Active site

 Influenza virus 의 envelop protein: hemagglutinin, neuraminidase  Host 로부터 exit 하기 위해 neuraminidase activity 가 요구됨  oseltamivir : neuraminidase 의 competitive inhibitor 로 작용  virion exit 불가  감염확산 방지

 Active site; adjascent 150-cavity & 150- loop  3 Arg(118, 292, 371), Glu276; polar interaction with sialic acid  많은 polar amino acid 가 다른 subtype 간 에 conservation  substrate binding  Oseltamivir binding  conformation change of 150-Loop  conformation change of 150-cavity & cavity volume change(closed conformation)  more stronger binding of inhibitor

 Open conformation: low energy state  Closed conformation: high energy state  Open  closed conformation change: protein-ligand interaction 증가 ( 강한 결합 )  Conformation change 의 변화가 더 강한 drug design 에 응용될 가능성이 높다.

 Drug 의 target; GPCR or specific enzyme inhibition (reversible or irreversible)  Drug design 의 필수 과제 ; target macro molecule 의 physiological structure  Protein flexibility