Blood

White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells Artery Blood erythrocytes leukocytes thrombocytes

Deliver O2 Remove metabolic wastes Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume Protection from blood loss- platelets Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC Transport hormones Function Blood

Plasma- 55% Formed elements- 45% Blood Buffy coat- <1%

90% Water 8% Solutes: Proteins Albumin (60 %) Alpha and Beta Globulins Gamma Globulins fibrinogens Gas Electrolytes Blood Plasma Components-55%

Organic Nutrients Carbohydrates Amino Acids Lipids Vitamins Hormones Metabolic waste CO2 Urea Blood Plasma Components

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Platelets (thrombocytes) Formed Elements of the Blood-45%

Erythrocytes

Erythrocyte  7.5  m in dia  Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro in red bone marrow  Hematopoiesis- production of RBC  Function- transport respiratory gases  Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains  Lack mitochondria. Why?  1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules  Men- 5 million cells/mm3  Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3  Life span days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

Hemoglobin

Figure 17.5 Stem cell Hemocytoblast Proerythro- blast Early erythroblast Late erythroblast Normoblast Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus Reticulo- cyte Erythro- cyte Committed cell Developmental pathway

Sickle-cell anemia- HbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the b chain in the globin molecule. Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans. Abnormal hemoglobin crystalizes when O2 content of blood is low, causing RBCs to become sickle-shaped. Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial. RBC Diseases

Granulocytes Neutrophils % Eosinophils- 1-4% Basophils- <1% Agranulocytes Monocytes- 4-8% Lymphocytes % Never let monkeys eat bananas 4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3 Types of Leukocytes

Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte platelet

neutrophil RBC eosinophil monocyte lymphocyte basophil monocyte

ID WBC’s

Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall Diapedesis

Leukopenia Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced L eukemias C ancerous conditions involving WBCs Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved M ononucleosis h ighly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks WBC Diseases

Platelets Small fragments of megakaryocytes Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin Blue-staining outer region, purple granules Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet- derived growth factor (PDGF)

Figure Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocyto- blast Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte MegakaryocytePlatelets

Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding Tissue Damage Platelet Plug Clotting Factors Platelets: 250, ,000 cells/mm3

Hemostasis: 4. Coagulation Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation

Hemostasis ( + feedback) Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin Clotting Factors thromboplastin Traps RBC & platelets Platelets release thromboplastin

Blood Clot Fibrin thread Platelet RBC

Disorders of Hemostasis Thromboembolytic disorders: undesirable clot formation Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

Thromboembolytic Conditions Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel May block circulation, leading to tissue death Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen Cerebral emboli can cause strokes

Type A Type B Type AB Type O Blood Types

Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood typeAntigenAntibody A A anti-B B B anti-A A & B AB no anti body Neither A or B Oanti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination) Blood Typing

Type A ABO Blood Types Produces anti-B antibodies b b b b b b b b

Type B ABO Blood Types Produces anti-A antibodies a a a a a a a a a a

ABO Blood Types Produces neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Type O ABO Blood Types Produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b

Rh Factor and Pregnancy RH- indicates no protein RH+ indicates protein

Rh Factor and Pregnancy Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem RhoGAM 28 weeks

Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal donor Rh factor: Rh+ 85% dominant in pop Rh- 15% recessive Blood TypeClumpingAntibody Aantigen Aanti-A serumantibody anti-b Bantigen Banti-B serumantibody anti-a ABantigen A & Banti A & B serum - Oneither A or Bno clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b

Figure Serum Anti-A RBCs Anti-B Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and B; agglutinates with both sera) Blood being tested Type A (contains agglutinogen A; agglutinates with anti-A) Type B (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with anti-B) Type O (contains no agglutinogens; does not agglutinate with either serum)

Blood Type & RhHow Many Have ItFrequency O Rh Positive1 person in % O Rh Negative1 person in % A Rh Positive1 person in % A Rh Negative1 person in % B Rh Positive1 person in % B Rh Negative1 person in % AB Rh Positive1 person in % AB Rh Negative1 person in 167.6%

ABO Blood Types PhenotypeGenotype Oi i AI A I A or I A i BI B I B or I B i ABI A I B

Type A and Type B cross IAIA IAIA IBIB i IAi IAIB IAi Punnett square