REFRACTION OF LIGHT

REFRACTION THE BENDING OF LIGHT DUE TO A CHANGE IN ITS SPEED

LIGHT TRAVELS AT A CONSTANT SPEED IN A STRAIGHT PATH THROUGH A MEDIUM TRAVELS AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS WHEN IT CHANGES MEDIUMS WHEN LIGHT PASSES AT AN ANGLE FROM ONE MEDIUM TO ANOTHER, IT BENDS MORE DENSE THE MEDIUM = LIGHT SLOWS DOWN (AIR TO WATER) LESS DENSE = LIGHT SPEEDS UP (GLASS TO AIR)

INDEX OF REFRACTION THE COMPARISON OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN AIR WITH THE SPEED IN A CERTAIN MATERIAL IT’S A MEASURE OF HOW MUCH A RAY OF LIGHT BENDS WHEN IT ENTERS THE MATERIAL EVERY MEDIUM HAS A SPECIFIC ONE THE LARGER THE INDEX OF REFRACTION, THE MORE LIGHT IS BENT

MIRAGES A FLOATING IMAGE THAT APPEARS IN THE DISTANCE & IS DUE TO THE REFRACTION OF LIGHT IN THE ATMOSPHERE HAPPENS DUE TO LARGE CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE IN THE AIR LIGHT REFRACTS AND CAUSES A DISTORTED IMAGE MIRAGES

WHITE LIGHT = ALL VISIBLE COLORS EACH COLOR CORRESPONDS TO A PARTICULAR WAVELENGTH EACH WAVELENGTH IS REFRACTED BY A DIFFERENT AMOUNT THE LONGER THE WAVELNGTH, THE LESS BENDING RED HAS THE LONGEST WAVELENGTH SO IT’S REFRACTED THE LEAST…CAUSES RAINBOWS EM SPECTRUM

A PIECE OF GLASS THAT FORMS THE SPECTRUM PRISM

LIGHT BENDS AS IT ENTERS & LEAVES BECAUSE THE SPEED OF LIGHT CHANGES DUE TO A CHANGE IN MEDIUMS

LENS ANY TRANSPARENT MATERIAL THAT REFRACTS LIGHT

CONVEX LENS - CONVERGES (BRINGS TOGETHER) THE LIGHT RAYS CONCAVE LENS - DIVERGES (SPREADS OUT) LIGHT RAYS & CREATES A VIRTUAL IMAGE

CONVEX LENSES ARE THICKER IN THE CENTER THAN AT THE EDGES CONVERGING LIGHT RAYS FOCAL POINT

CONCAVE LENSES ARE THICKER AT THE ENDS

COLOR

TRANSPARENT MATERIAL THROUGH WHICH LIGHT IS EASILY TRANSMITTED EX: GLASS, WATER, AIR

TRANSLUCENT A SUBSTANCE THAT TRANSMITS LIGHT, BUT NO DETAIL EX: WAX PAPER, FROSTED GLASS

OPAQUE A SUBSTANCE THAT DOES NOT TRANSMIT LIGHT EX: BLOCK OF WOOD, SHEET OF METAL, BLACK CLOTH

WHAT ABOUT IN GREEN OR BLUE LIGHT? IN WHITE LIGHT, RED REFLECTS RED & ABSORBS ALL OTHERS

ALL COLORS ARE ABSORBED, & NO LIGHT IS REFLECTED WITH WHITE LIGHT ON A BLACK OBJECT

PRIMARY COLORS OF LIGHT VS. PRIMARY COLORS OF PIGMENTS

PAINTS ARE PIGMENTS THEY’RE OPAQUE, NOT SOURCES OF LIGHT

SUBTRACTING COLORS WHEN THE 3 PRIMARY PIGMENTS ARE MIXED EQUALLY, ALL COLORS ARE ABSORED = BLACK BY MIXING MORE & MORE PIGMENTS, MORE OF THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM IS ABSORBED (SUBTRACTED) FROM WHAT WE SEE

POLARIZED LIGHT

LIGHT IN WHICH ALL THE WAVES ARE VIBRATING IN THE SAME DIRECTION THE GLARE OF SUNLIGHT IS MOSTLY HORIZONTAL SO SOME SUNGLASSES ARE VERTICALLY POLARIZED TO REDUCE GLARE

HOW WE SEE CONVEX LENS

NEARSIGHTEDFARSIGHTED EYEBALL TOO LONG HARD TO SEE AT A DISTANCE LENS IS TOO CONVEX SO RAYS CONVERGE IN FRONT OF RETINA CORRECT BY USING CONCAVE LENS TO MAKE RAYS DIVERGE BEFORE ENTERING EYE EYEBALL TOO SHORT HARD TO SEE CLOSE UP LENS IS NOT CONVEX ENOUGH SO RAYS CONVERGE BEHIND RETINA CORRECT BY USING CONVEX LENS TO MAKE RAYS CONVERGE BEFORE ENTERING EYE

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS CAMERAS MICROSCOPES TELESCOPES

LASERS A DEVICE THAT PRODUCES AN INTENSE BEAM OF LIGHT OF ONE COLOR

LIGHT IS ONLY ONE WAVELENGTH ALL THE WAVES TRAVEL IN STEP (ALL CRESTS NEXT TO EACH OTHER ETC.) LIGHT INTENSITY IS NOT REDUCED BECAUSE LIGHT DOESN’T SPREAD CALLED COHERENT LIGHT

USES OF LASERS MEASUREMENT MEDICINE THEY HEAL WHILE THEY CUT INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

FIBER OPTICS LONG, THIN STRANDS OF GLASS OR PLASTIC THAT CARRY LIGHT FOR LONG DISTANCES WITHOUT FADING

TRANSMIT SIGNALS AS FLASHES OF LIGHT CAN CARRY MORE INFORMATION THAN RADIO WAVES BECAUSE OF HIGHER FREQUENCY LASER LIGHT CAN TRAVEL THROUGH THE CURLED UP OPTICAL FIBER BECAUSE IT IS BENT SO MUCH THAT IT’S REFLECTED = THIS IS CALLED “TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION” FIBER OPTICS

HOLOGRAPHY THE TECHNOLOGY THAT USES LASERS TO PRODUCE 3-D VIRTUAL IMAGES