Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 14 The Expansive Realm of Islam

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Muhammad and His Message Born 570 to merchant family in Mecca Orphaned as a child Marries wealthy widow c. 595 (Khadija), works as merchant Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation Visions c. 610 CE Archangel Gabriel--instructs Muhammad to explain faith to others Monotheism---Allah Attracts followers in Mecca

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The Quran “recitation” Record of revelations received during visions From the oral tradition Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632) Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith  Social & legal customs  Commentaries on the Quran

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Conflict at Mecca Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans Economic threat  Muhammad attacks idolatry--people who profit from these shrines are angered (Ka’ba) Denunciation of greed affront to local aristocracy

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 The Hijra--- migration Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE  Year 0 in Muslim calendar Organizes followers into faithful communal society (the umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 The “Seal of the Prophets” Muhammad is the final prophet through whom Allah would reveal his message Islam as culmination and correction of Judaism, Christianity Inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts Muhammad’s is a more complete revelation of Allah One of the three Abrahamic Traditions

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Muhammad’s Return to Mecca Attack on Mecca, 630 Conversion of Mecca to Islam Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques  Ka’aba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca  Approved as pilgrimage site

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 The Ka’aba

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 The Five Pillars of Islam No god but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet Daily prayer 5 times a day Fasting during Ramadan Charity Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Muslims at Prayer

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Jihad---Additional Obligation of Faith “struggle”  Combat vice & evil Struggle against ignorance and unbelief by spreading word of Islam Physical struggle “holy war”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith Offers precise guidance on family life, slavery, business, politics, etc. Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 The Caliph--Deputy No clear to successor to Muhammad identified Abu Bakr (close friend of Muhammad) chosen to lead as Caliph Abu Bakr becomes the head of Islamic community---not a prophet Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad Attempt to spread faith

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 The Expansion of Islam Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sassanid territories Rapid expansion Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 The expansion of Islam, C.E.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 The Shia Disagreements over selection of caliphs  Tribal loyalties & political ambitions complicate matters Ali (cousin & son-in-law of Muhammad) passed over for Abu Bakr for Caliph Served briefly as 4th caliph CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia”---descendents of Ali are divinely appointed to rule the Islamic community  Traditionalists: Sunni---accept legitimacy of early caliphs

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 The Umayyad Dynasty ( CE) After the death of Ali, the Umayyad Dynasty briefly solves the problem of succession Formed from Meccan merchant class Capital: Damascus, Syria Favored Arab military aristocracy Ruled dar al-Islam as conquerors

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Policy toward Conquered Peoples Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Allowed conquered peoples to observe their own faiths  Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority---revolts are widespread  Specifically in Persia

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 The Abbasid Dynasty ( CE) Abu al-Abbas (descendent of Muhammad’s uncle) Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750  Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them  Principle authority in dar al-Islam until toppled by Mongols

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Battle of the Talas River--ended expansion of Tang China Dar al-Islam continues to grow Islam grows through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces (Tunisia)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Abbasid Administration Concerned with administering empire, not conquering Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars  Ulama-- “people with religious knowledge”  Qadis-- “judges”  Scholars who emphasized the study of the Quran & sharia and observance of these values  Influence local culture

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Caliph Harun al-Rashid ( CE) High point of Abbasid dynasty Baghdad center of commerce Great cultural activity

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid over succession Provincial governors assert regional independence Dissenting sects, peasant rebellions Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turk Sultans rule the former Abbasid empire.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Economy of the Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial crops (Cotton, indigo, henna)  Trade routes from India to Spain Increased food supply New crops adapted to different growing seasons  Agricultural sciences develop  Cotton, paper industries develop Major cities emerge as a result of increased agricultural production

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes  ice exported weekly from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10 th century Camel caravans---Camel saddle Maritime trade  Use Chinese compass  Lateen sail from India & SE Asia  Astrolabe--Hellenistic Mediterranean

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Banking and Trade Scale of trade causes banks to develop  Sakk (“check”)---Credit Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al- Islam promotes trade Joint ventures were common

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8 th c. Allied with Umayyads, but refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty  Formed own caliphate  Tensions, but interrelationship

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Changing Status of Women Arab women could inherit property, divorce husbands, and engage in business Quran improves status of women  Outlawed female infanticide  Brides, not husbands, claim dowries  Women are equal to men in the eyes of Allah Yet male dominance preserved in Quran & Sharia  Patrilineal descent  Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden  Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values  Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam  Establishment of madrasas  Importance of the Hajj Sufi missionaries  Asceticism, mysticism  Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians  Wide popularity

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Al-Ghazali ( ) Major Sufi thinker from Persia Impossibility of intellectual comprehension of Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead Sufi Missionaries

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Cultural influences on Islam Persia  Administration and governance  literature India  Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers----Arabic numerals Greece  Philosophy, esp. Aristotle  Ibn Rushd/Averroes ( )---Spain