Warm Up: Describe the parts of the Roman Republic. Vocab and Reading Guide Due Rome Maps Due Tomorrow

Rome’s Expansion

Year after year, the Roman army marched off to war against its neighbors to control more and more land and people. The army did not always win. In 390 B.C., Rome itself was attacked and destroyed by the Gauls, warlike people from the north who were part of a larger group called Celts. Roman Consolidation Rome was sacked!

Military Build Up Rome paid the Gauls to leave, then expands the military. Rome had more citizens and well-trained soldiers than any other people in the Mediterranean area. During the next 100 years, Rome used those soldiers to conquer the Mediterranean world. Never Again!

War with Greece Greek colonists feeling Roman pressure seek help from Greece. King Phyrus of Greece attacks Rome, winning most battles, but at a high cost, and loses the war. “Phryrric Victory” (Hollow) A victory at too high a cost

KEY POWER MOVES 1. How did the Romans take over Italy?  By force 2. How did they keep those people they conquered under their control?  Made them citizens able to take part in the government OR  Made them allies with their own government, but they had to pay taxes and supply an army to Rome

Powerful city located near present-day Tunis, Tunisia, along the Mediterranean coast of Africa – Phoenician colony founded in the 8 th century BCE – Punic is Latin for Phoenician Carthage had a large commercial empire – Great harbor at Carthage – Phoenician tradition of sailing and trading – Controlled trade in the western Mediterranean – Carthaginian trading empire spread to islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and western Sicily, along with southern Iberian peninsula (modern-day Spain) Major rival of Rome

PUNIC WARS In the 200's B.C. Rome ruled Italy. Carthage- Wealth city in North Africa – Controlled part of Sicily Rome and Carthage fought for control of Mediterranean Rome afraid Carthage would try to take control of Rome Led to war

1st BCE Fought over Sicily Rome won 2nd BCE Rome challenged Carthaginian expansion in Iberia (Spain) Rome won 3rd BCE Rome feared Carthage was again becoming a threat Rome attacked Carthage and obliterated the threat for good

Carthage and Rome fought for 23 years over control of Sicily Strengths – Roman strength – army – Carthaginian strength – navy Rome’s solution – build up its navy (Copied Carthaginian ship) – Built four fleets, each destroyed in turn, before mastering naval warfare Rome’s new weapon – grappling hook (crow) – Lashed ships together – Forced ship crews to fight one another on deck Hand-to-hand fighting was a Roman strength Rome won Sicily and control of cheap grain.

Second Punic War ( BCE) Carthage counterattacks –Hannibal attacked from Spain going through the Alps with 60 war elephants during the winter of. Raided Rome for the next 13 years. But Hannibal could not capture the city of Rome Rome attacks North Africa and Carthage-Scipio forced Hannibal to leave Rome to defend. Hannibal is finally defeated Carthage lost its fleet, Iberia (Spain), and the larger part of its territory in northern Africa

Third Punic War ( BCE) - Rome Wins Carthage rebels against Rome’s rule. Rome attacks Carthage and after a three year siege and days of street fighting, Carthage is burned. Men killed; women and children sold into slavery Roman soldiers even salt the fields so food cannot be grown.

Results of the Punic Wars: During and After Rome and Carthage had been what you might call the “superpowers” of the Mediterranean at the time Rome’s defeat of Carthage left Rome as the only remaining “superpower” It was much easier for Rome to conquer the rest of the Mediterranean once Carthage was out of the way Roman control of Macedonia Hannibal had made an alliance with the Macedonian king Rome attacked and defeated Macedonia in 197 BCE Rome went on to conquer the remnants of Alexander the Great’s empire in Eurasia Fighting among the Greek city-states Rome took over, ending Greek independence (146 BCE) Kingdom of Pergamum In modern-day Turkey Under Roman rule in 133 BCE

By 144 BCE –Spain, Alps, Greece, Eastern Asia Minor By 44 BCE – Gaul, Macedonia, All of Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, North Africa Yellow indicates borders in 44 BCE

“Business” of Rome was:  War  Conquest  Slaves  Plunder  Forced Trade  Monopolies Roman Trading Partners

Political Unrest at Home 2 nd Punic War destroyed many farms Wealthy took over many farms Some Romans gain great wealth while some suffer Soldiers are out of work or dead Farmers are undercut by: Cheap imported grain Large farms Imported slave labor Unemployed farmers move to cities – few jobs available

People also upset by slave revolt (“I am Spartacus”) Some try reforms, but are murdered Political power by city mobs Rome's large population of slaves caused other problems. Most slaves were treated terribly by their Roman masters. Desperate for freedom, the slaves, led by Spartacus, rebelled for two years. This sets the stage for the rise of a military dictator. Death of Spartacus