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3 What makes a good experiment? CAUSE AFFECTS EFFECT All other properties remain the same, they are "controlled". A "VALID" experiment is one that assures that the result output (dependent variable) is due to the input (independent variable), not to any other factor. It also has a starting point to compare to, the "control"

4 HYPOTHESIS: CAUSEandEFFECT IndependentandDependentVariable "Control""Responding" "Manipulated"Measured Result InputOutput

5 FAIR TEST How _________ affects _________. Only change one property (factor, thing) at a time. CAUSEandEFFECT

6 Catch IT Task MEASURE reaction time catching a ruler! Distance Ruler Dropped (in centimeters) Reaction Time (in seconds)

7 ELABORATE Investigation #2: What Affects Reaction Time? In Investigation #1, you may have noticed that people have different reaction times. Through your research, you have learned how the senses and the brain communicate to cause reactions. What human characteristics or environmental conditions do you think might affect how fast someone can react? In Investigation #2, you will identify a reaction time question to explore.

8 Experiment Do your experiment following the steps below: 1.DECIDE on a research question. RECORD it in your science notebook. 2. DESIGN a plan to conduct your investigation. 3.CREATE a data table in your science notebook that will help you keep your measurements organized. You will also want to record any unexpected observations and questions. 4.CONDUCT your experiment. Collect and record data for each trial in your notebook. 5.CALCULATE the average time it took for each subject to catch the ruler. RECORD the average reaction times for each subject in your data table. 6.DRAW a bar graph that compares the average reaction times of your subjects for the factor you tested. 7. INTERPRET the data. What conclusions can you draw based on the graph? Did the factor you investigated have an effect on the reaction times of your subjects?

9 WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS IN EARTH/PHYSICAL SCIENCE? Matter Energy How they interact How do we use them?

10 HOW DO WE OBSERVE MATTER? Senses Tools

11 Physical Change is the same substance Chemical Change new substance (compound) WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHYSICAL CHANGEand a CHEMICAL CHANGE?

12 WHAT MAKES UP MATTER? Molecules, atoms, elements, mixtures, etc…

13 PUT THESE IN ORDER OF SIZE: Cellatom moleculegrain of sand Atoms make up molecules which are in cells which are smaller than a grain of sand

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15 WHAT'S AN ATOM? Smallest part of an element that is still an element.

16 WHERE DID YOUR ATOMS COME FROM? The atom of oxygen inside the molecules of water in the cells in your body…. …have been traveling around the earth since it was formed

17 Does anything ever go away? No!, just recycled around and around

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21 WHAT MAKES UP AN ATOM? Protons and neutrons in the center (nucleus) Electrons orbiting around

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23 HOW ARE ELEMENTS DIFFERENT? Elements…. Different number of protons

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25 HOW IS THE PERIODIC TABLE PERIODIC? Arranged by similar properties that repeat. Elements in the same columns (groups) are alike, because the same number of outside electrons

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29 WHAT'S A COMPOUND? 2 or more atoms joined together. Like H 2 O, water (di hydrogen monoxide), or O 2 (oxygen gas)

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31 WHY DO ATOMS JOIN? Atoms join to exchange or share outer electrons

32 RULE OF EIGHT Lose an electron is POSITIVE (metals)Gain an electron is NEGATIVE (non metals) OPPOSITES ATTRACT: Form Compounds IONIC (Give/Get)

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36 COVALENT (Share) Organic compounds, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, share outer electrons.

37 WHAT ARE THE STATES (PHASES) OF MATTER? SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES

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39 What are the differences in the phases? Gases: like preschoolers in a gym! Liquids: like middleschoolers at a dance! Solids: like elderly at a Bingo dinner!

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41 HOW DO THEY CHANGE FROM ONE TO THE OTHER? Solid --> Liquid --> Gas Take In heat to break bonds Gas --> Liquid --> Solid Give Off heat to form bonds (you could say take in cold)

42 WHAT's THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT AND TEMPERATURE? Temperature is the AVERAGE movement energy of each molecule. Heat is the TOTAL energy transferred. Campfire and Wood Match, same temperature, different heat

43 WHAT ARE THE WAYS IN WHICH HEAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED? Conduction: molecules touch like dominos Convection: hot molecules spread apart from each other and rise, or cool and fall. Radiation: Light/Heat travel to move molecules

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46 WHAT HAPPENS TO THE TEMPERATURE OF ICE AS IT MELTS? It stays the same ( 0° C ) while melting… it takes in heat from the air to break the bonds NOT to make molecules move faster

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48 WHY DO YOU FEEL HOTTER ON A HUMID DAY? You cool yourself by sweat evaporating (Liquid to Gas) and taking in heat from… Your skin! If the sweat can’t evaporate (air is “full”) you stay HOT!

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50 What causes weather? Heat Humidity Air Pressure

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54 How does the water and wind affect weather?

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56 How does weather change? Cold, high, dry Warm, wet, low

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58 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ENERGY? Types NOT sources Heat (movement of molecules) Kinetic (movement) Chemical (electrons) Light/Radiation Electrical Nuclear And each kind can have POTENTIAL

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60 HOW CAN ENERGY BE TRANSFORMED FROM ONE KIND TO ANOTHER? Devices/Things change energy from one kind to another

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62 What are the energy transformations for a TOASTER? Coal is burned at plant (chemical) Heats up water (heat) to make steam Steam turns a turbine (mechanical), which turns wire near a magnet Makes electricity, travels to your house Toaster changes electricity to heat.

63 HOW DOES CARBON CYCLE THROUGH THE EARTH? Normally: Carbon from Animals to Air To Plants, to Ground to Animals. Burning Fossil Fuels or Plants causes more carbon to be added

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65 Where do Rocks come from?

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68 What causes earthquakes?

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75 What makes things move?

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77 What holds bridges up?

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79 How do we graph motion?

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82 WHICH HITS THE GROUND FIRST< A STEEL OR PLASTIC BALL?

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86 What causes planets to move?

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89 What causes the seasons?

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91 What causes eclipses?

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95 What causes tides?

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99 Last Hints….. Think what you already know! Draw diagrams! Write so it makes sense! Do well!