Essential to Manufacturing

Measurements What is measurement? What is a measurement system? How many systems of measurement are there? What do measurement tools look like and how are they used? What role does measurement have in manufacturing?

Measurements the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena (any event that is observable, however commonplace it might be), to describe it, according to a rule. It normally requires the use of instruments to observe it.

Measurements Name what we measure. Give an example. Distances – How far, how long, how tall, etc. Sizes – shoes, clothes, hats Area – Acres, square feet Volume – engine sizes, (cubic liters). Liquids – Gasoline and water are sold by the gallon, Cola bottles are in both liters and ounces. Gases – Oxygen, Helium, Nitrogen (sold in tanks) Weights – our own, buying vegetables, Time – seconds, minutes, hours, days, etc. Combinations – Miles per gallon Ask students to name as many things that we commonly measure daily. Then click to show examples.

Measurement Systems Two systems of measurement used today: The English System (the oldest) The Metric System (used world-wide) Both are still used today despite an effort to convert all measurement in the US to metric starting in the early 1970s. Using the Metric timeline included in the unit, discuss the evolution of the metric system and where we stand with the conversion today.

English/Metric Conversion Assignment With both systems in use in the US, sometimes there will be a need to compare or convert one to the other. With that in mind, take the worksheet provided, find a website that converts metric and English measurements and complete the worksheet.

Metric System Measurements Distance Millimeter Centimeter Meter Kilometer Area Square Meter Square Kilometer Volume Liter Cubic Meter Weight Gram Kilogram Metric ton

Stop 1. What is measurement? Questions for Mathematical formula The process of assigning numbers to something by rule, to describe it. A way to make something None of the above

2. The two systems of measurement are… Stop for Questions Feet and inches Meter and Kilometer Metric and English French and German

3. A measurement of distance in the English System is… Stop for Questions Feet and inches Meter and Kilometer Gallon Pounds

4. A measurement of weight in the English System is… Stop for Questions Feet and inches Meter and Kilometer Gallon Pounds

5. A measurement of volume in the English System is… Stop for Questions Feet and inches Meter and Kilometer Gallon Pounds

6. A measurement of distance in the Metric System is… Stop for Questions Feet and inches Meter and Kilometer Gallon Pounds

7. A measurement of volume in the Metric System is… Stop for Questions Gallon Meter and Kilometer Liter Feet and inches

8. The smallest measurement of distance in the Metric System is… Stop for Questions Millimeter Centimeter Meter Yard

Measuring Distance in English Using a measuring tool called a ruler

Where did it come from? Why 12 inches?

The King’s Foot One Foot Although no single document on the subject can be found, it appears that during the reign of Henry I (1100-1135) the 12-inch foot became official, and the royal government took steps to make this foot length known. A 12-inch foot was inscribed on the base of a column of St. Paul's Church in London, and measurements in this unit were said to be "by the foot of St. Paul's" (de pedibus Sancti Pauli). Henry I also appears to have ordered construction of 3-foot standards, which were called "yards," thus establishing that unit for the first time in England. William of Malmsebury wrote that the yard was "the measure of his [the king's] own arm," thus launching the story that the yard was defined to be the distance from the nose to the fingertip of Henry I. Have three students (choose by foot size – one small, one avg and one large) Have them start by aligning their heels side by side and make 10 paces straight ahead. They should not stop at the same distance. Tell the kids that this proves that measuring this way is not efficient. A better way to measure was needed, thus the ruler was invented.

The King’s Foot One Foot Too big for some things...

...So they used the length of the King’s first knuckle One Inch

Why 12 inches not 10 or 13? Simply because it took 12 lengths of his first knuckle to equal his foot.

...So they used the length of the King’s first knuckle One Inch But that was too big for some other things...

...So they cut the inches into fractions (a part less than the whole) On an English system ruler all of the fractions are made by cutting the previous measurement in half, so the numerator (bottom) is going to be even. When you divide something in half, you’re dividing it by 2, so it should be even. If you divide one thing in half, now you’ve got two parts, If you take those halves and cut them in half again, you now have four parts and so on.

Remember the “magic number” - 2 In math you can write 1 divided by 2 like this: 1 2 So what’s half of that? How do you divide a fraction by 2? You multiply the denominator by 2! Half of one half is: 4 Half of that is 1/8, half of that: 1/16, half of that 1/32 and so on and so on

9. The common distance measuring tool used in the English system is called a.. Stop for Questions GPS Measuring Stick Meter Stick Ruler

10. An English foot has how many inches? Stop for Questions 12 10 36 24

11. Who’s foot was the “standard” for the original measurement? Stop for Questions The President of the US The King of France The King of England No one. Everyone just used their own foot.

12. Why 12 inches in a foot? Stop Questions for Sounds better than 13 It took 12 fingertips to equal the length of the king’s foot. Someone just made it up Even numbers are easier to remember

13. What do we call the marks on an English ruler between the inches? Stop for Questions Feet Centimeters Divisions Fractions

14. How many fractions are normally found between the inches on an English ruler? Stop for Questions 12 16 24 36

...That’s exactly how they made the fractions between the inches. 1/2 1/4

...So they cut the inches into fractions 1/2 1/4 1/8 and 1/16

You should have noticed that as the fractions got smaller, so did the length of the lines between the whole numbers. That helps to identify a half from the fourths and so on.

If you don’t remember what the fraction is just by looking at the, you can always count the number of lines between the whole numbers. If there are 16, then your ruler is divided into sixteenths.

..then you can do the math to determine the fraction. If you counted 10 lines from the whole number, that would be 10 sixteenths. Here’s where that “magic number 2” comes in. To get the fraction to it’s lowest possible denominator DIVIDE both numbers in the fraction by 2 and keep doing it until the top number is odd. 10 = 5 Top number’s odd so 10/16 = 5/8 16 8 If the fraction comes between two whole numbers like 1 and 2, then the measurement is the first whole number and the fraction in this case it would be 1 and 5/8ths Go back to the ruler slide and continue to point at various fractions

There are two ways you will be expected to measure Take your ruler and measure an existing object. Ex: Measure an existing line Make something new by making an exact measurement, Ex: Draw a line an exact length

15. Name this measurement Stop for Questions 1/2 1/3 1/4 5/16

16. Name this measurement Stop for Questions 3/4 3/8 1-3/4 2-3/4

To create a measurement you have to reverse the previous trick. What if you have to draw a line that is exactly ¾” long? If you don’t know by looking at the lines, You have to make ¾ into 16ths so you can find it on the ruler. Before you divided both by 2, this time you have to MULTIPLY both by 2 until you have 16ths 3 = 6 = 12 Denominator is 16ths so 3/4 = 12/16ths 4 8 16 If the measurement has a whole number before the fraction like 12, then the measurement is 12 inches and the fraction in this case it would be 12 and 12/16ths Go back to the ruler slide and continue to point at various fractions

Now, you try it… With your ruler, complete the two measuring assignments by accurately measuring and writing the answer next to the line and then draw lines exactly as long as the measurements provided. Use measurement assignment hand outs: 1-Measure the lines, 2-Draw the lines from the given measurement. Feel free to create your own.

The Metric ruler is much different. Everything is based on 10 10mm (millimeters) = 1cm (centimeter) 100cm= 1m (meter) 1m = 100cm    (cm = centimeter, cent means 100) 1m = 1000mm  (mm = millimeter, mil means 1000)

The Metric Ruler

17. Name this measurement Stop for Questions 3.5mm 35mm 3-1/2 in 35cm

18. On a metric ruler what measurement is numbered? Stop for Questions Millimeters Centimeters Meters Yards

19. Which is the larger measurement? Stop for Questions 1 meter 1 yard 305 millimeters 24 inches

20. Which device is used for precision measurements? Stop for Questions Tape measure Ruler Odometer Micrometer

Go to: www.rsinnovative.com/rulergame How good are you? Go to: www.rsinnovative.com/rulergame You must show your instructor your score. Keep trying to get a better score!!

Some production requires precision measurements and that requires precision measuring instruments Engines and many other car parts have to fit as close to perfect as possible. That means measurements to thousandths of an inch or millimeter

Micrometers are precision measuring devices Click on this picture. It is linked to the interactive website to display how a micrometer works and how small it can measure. This is in metrics and decimals. If you have examples of micrometers available pass them out so hat the students can experience it while you demo it on screen. This device measures in metric dimensions. It can measure to one thousandth of a mm. That’s .001mm

Why is precision measurement so important in manufacturing? Discuss the importance of parts being made as far apart as the other side of the world from where they are assembled and that the parts have to be made so that they fit together perfectly far away from where they are designed and produced. Example: The engine is made by GM or Ford, but many companies make spark plugs that you can buy at a parts store. The measurements of the screw threads of the plug must be the exact same dimensions as the hole in which the engine the plug will be inserted or it won’t work.

End Unit 7 Measurements Discuss the importance of parts being made as far apart as the other side of the world from where they are assembled and that the parts have to be made so that they fit together perfectly far away from where they are designed and produced. Example: The engine is made by GM or Ford, but many companies make spark plugs that you can buy at a parts store. The measurements of the screw threads of the plug must be the exact same dimensions as the hole in which the engine the plug will be inserted or it won’t work.

Key for B C A D C B D A Questions