1 Lecture 19: Augustine and Confessions Dr. Ann T. Orlando 4 November 2014

Outline Historical background Brief sketch of his life Some Key Themes in Augustine On Christian Doctrine Confessions

Importance of Augustine to Western Theology Cannot Be Overstated For Western Christianity, he is the most important theologian from this period  Arguably the most important theologian from any period Every serious Western theologian after Augustine must in some way ‘deal’ with Augustine Augustine was the standard for doctrinal truth and theological method throughout the Middle Ages  Anselm on Trinity Aquinas (13 th C) runs into trouble because  He seems to abandon Augustine’s theological method (Neoplatonism) for Aristotle  Open any page of ST and see number of references to Augustine Renaissance begins when Petrarch reads Confessions Luther and Calvin claim Augustine for themselves in opposition to Scholasticism Augustine is patron saint of Jansenists, Augustinus Enlightenment rejection of Christianity is specifically a rejection of Augustine But some of his philosophical efforts still command the attention of contemporary philosophers: Wittgenstein (language), Heidegger (memory), Derrida (structuralism/deconstruction), Camus and Hick (evil), Hawking (time) and many others Recent new translations of and ‘popular’ interest in Augustine: New City Press; J.J. O’Donnell, Garry Wills Pope Benedict XVI has defined himself, and is often referred to as, an Augustinian theologian; Five General Audience Talks on Augustine

Critical and Defining Issues for Augustine Happiness Theodicy Relation between human nature and God’s grace Trinity Epistemology Theories of Language Primacy of love;  Man as a social being who should be completely motivated by properly ordered loves  “Love and do whatever you will”  Importance of friendship Heresies that Augustine argued against  Arianism  Donatism  Manichaeism  Pelagianism

Brief Biographical Sketch Born near Carthage in 354 to a devoutly Catholic mother and worldly father In youth leads a life of pleasure searching for happiness  Flirts with Manichaeism  Becomes enamored with Platonism (Plotinus) Conversion to Catholic Christianity Ordained priest 391, bishop of Hippo 395 Died on 28 August 430 Peter Brown’s book Augustine of Hippo remains the most important biography of Augustine in English  Be sure to get the New Edition with Epilogue  Discusses discovery of 12 previously unstudied letters and sermons of Augustine ( )

Augustine’s Works Augustine’s friend and biographer, Possidius, catalogued Augustine's works after his death and observed that no one would be able to read them all Among the vitally important works which every Catholic theologian should read  On Free Will  Confessions  On the Trinity  City of God  On Christian Teaching  Retractions concerning On Free Will Nearly innumerable letters, treatises, homilies, commentaries Retractions (Reconsiderations)

On Christian Teaching Written c. 400; audience is primarily preachers, especially bishops Augustine tells us he divided the material into two parts:  Rules for Interpreting Scripture (Part I: Books I-III) and  Preaching Scripture (Part 2: Book IV) How to interpret and preach ambiguous and difficult Scripture passages Book I  Difference between enjoying something and using it; we should use this world, not enjoy it, in order to return home to God  “Anyone who thinks they have understood Scripture but cannot by his understanding build up this double love of God and neighbor, has not yet succeeded in understanding it” (I.xxxvi)

On Christian Teaching (Cont.) Book II  Theory of signs  To properly read Scripture, must make spiritual ascent ; seven stages of ascent  List of OT and NT canon of Scripture  Use Scripture to interpret Scripture  Problems of translating into Latin; preachers should know Greek and Hebrew  “The authority of the Septuagint is supreme” (II.xv)  Importance of knowing history, geography, astronomy, mathematics and logic in studying Scripture Book III  “By love I mean the impulse of one’s mind to enjoy God on his own account and to enjoy oneself and one’s neighbor on account of God; and by lust I mean the impulse of one’s mind to enjoy oneself and one’s neighbor and any corporeal thing not on account of God.” (III.x)  All deeds of OT are to be interpreted figuratively as well as literally  Seven rules of Tyconius

On Christian Teaching (Cont) Book IV  Rhetoric can be used to convince people of falsehood; Christian preacher should first of all be concerned to preach the truth  By reading and studying Christian literature outside of canon, preacher can learn how to preach  “The wisdom of what a person says is in direct proportion to his progress in learning the holy Scriptures – and I am not speaking of intensive reading or memorization, but real understanding and careful investigation of their meaning.” (IV.v)  Before preaching, the preacher should lift his soul to God  The benefit of preaching is effected by God  Styles of preaching

10 Introduction to Confessions Written shortly after Augustine was named bishop of Hippo ( ) Written at the request of his friend Paulinus of Nola; written 11 years after his baptism  It is Augustine the bishop reflecting in middle age on events in his youth;  It is not telling the story of his youth; it is a reflection May have been written as a defense against charge that Augustine was still a Manichean Became an instant best seller It is first and foremost a prayer, not an autobiography; there should be an AMEN at end of Book XIII

11 Structure Division of 13 Books is Augustine’s division Usually considered in two parts:  Augustine’s past (I-IX)  Augustine's present (X-XIII) NB: The last 4 books (Part 2) are an integral part of the whole  In spite of the fact that some editors either abbreviate them or leave them out altogether  Which we will NOT do; Books X-XIII will be studied with equal vigor in this class

12 Structure of Part 1: Augustine’s Past Can be viewed as a chiasm Book I: From God; birth and relationship of infant with mother  Book II: Bondage of Flesh Book III: Slavery of eyes and mind; problem of evil  Book IV Ambition of World  Book V Encounter with Faustus, Manichaeism, philosophy; moving from Carthage to Rome  Book VI: Recognition of emptiness of world’s ambition Book VII: Freedom of mind; resolution of problem of evil  Book VIII: Liberation from bondage of flesh Book IX: Relation to Monica, her death, return to God

13 Structure of Part 2: Augustine’s Present Book X: Augustine the Bishop at the end of his reflection on his youth, meditates on  Memory and knowledge  Sin Book XI: Augustine the Bishop meditates on  “In the beginning”  What is Time Book XII: Augustine the Bishop meditates on  “God created the heavens and the earth”  How to interpret Scripture and authorial intent Book XIII: Augustine the Bishop meditates on  Trinity  Church NB: Augustine uses the word ‘confessions’ more often in these last four than the previous nine books Confessio: both ‘accusation of oneself and praise for God’ Sermon 67.2

14 But the entire work is one grand prayer I.i (1) ‘Our heart is restless until it rests in you’  In seeking him they will find him, and in finding they will praise him. Lord I would seek you, calling upon you – and calling upon you is an act of believing in you. It is your gift to me. You breathe it into me by the humanity of your Son XIII.xxxvii (52) There also you will rest in us, just as now you work in us  XIII.xxxviii (53) Only you can be asked, only you can be begged, only on your door can we knock. Yes, indeed, that is how it is received, how it is found, how the door is opened  AMEN

15 How We Will Read Confessions Class discussion for entire period next three classes You must select a topic by next class (Thurs Nov 7) Be prepared at following three classes to discuss topic and hand in short paper each class  Tues, Nov 12 Books I-V  Thurs, Nov 14 Books VI – IX  Tues, Nov 21Books X-XIII You MUST get these papers done on time for the assigned class with the assigned topic. Late papers will NOT be accepted!!

16 Topics 1. Questions (2) 2. Philosophy (3) 3. Truth and knowledge (3) 4. Evil and sin (3) 5. Law, justice and society (2) 6. Friendship and love (3) 7. Scripture (3) 8. Church (3)

17 Augustine’s Reflection on Confessions confessionum mearum libri tredecim et de malis et de bonis meis deum laudant iustum et bonum atque in eum excitant humanum intellectum et affectum. interim quod ad me attinet, hoc in me egerunt cum scriberentur et agunt cum leguntur. Retractions The 13 books of my confession, of both my bad and good, praise the just and good God, and moreover they excite the human intellect and affection towards Him. As for what pertains to me, they did this in me when they were written, and they do this when they are read.

18 Assignments Tolle, lege Select a topic by Thursday Read the entire book this week Confessions Books I – V for Thurs. 11/13 Confessions Books VI – IX for Tues. 11/18 Confessions Books X-XIII for Thurs. 11/20 Secondary Reading:  EITHER Chadwick “Augustine” in Early Christian Literature, p  OR Introduction by Chadwick in text  OR Brown Augustine of Hippo, Chapter 16  For even more detail, JJ O’Donnell’s three volume commentary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) on the Confessions is available online at Starting next week, three classes will be entirely discussion; don’t look for notes on web