9-1 CHAPTER 5 Stocks and Their Valuation Features of common stock Determining common stock values Preferred stock

9-2 Common Stock Stockholders are owners of the firm. Stockholders are residual claimants. Stockholders have the right to: vote at company meetings dividends and other distributions sell their shares Stockholders benefit in two ways: dividends capital gains Stock is issued by public corporations to finance investments. Stock is initially issued in the primary market (IPOs and secondary offerings). Stock is traded in the secondary market on organized exchanges.

9-3 Steps in raising equity Founder’s equity+ Friends & Family Angel Investors Venture capitalists Private financing Public offering (IPO)

9-4 U. S. Stock Markets Major U. S. Stock Exchanges l New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) l National Association of Securities Dealers (NASDAQ) U. S. Stock Market Other Indices l NYSE Composite l Russell 2000 l Wilshire 5000 l Value Line

9-5 World Stock Markets New York Tokyo London Frankfurt Paris Sydney Switzerland Hong Kong

9-6 International Stock Market Indices

9-7 Reading Stock Quotes

9-8 Transactions Involving Stocks Buy  Savings motive  Expect stock to appreciate in value  Long position Sell  Liquidity needs  Expect stock to decline in value Short Sell  Sell stock without first owning it.  Borrow stock from your broker with the promise to repay it at some later date.  Sell the borrowed stock.  Repurchase it at a later date to repay your broker.  Responsible for all dividends and other distributions while short the stock.

9-9 Basic Valuation From “The Time Value of Money” we realize that the value of anything is based on the present value of the cash flows the asset is expected to produce in the future.

9-10 ^^^ Asset value CF t = the cash flow expected to be generated by the asset in period t ^ ^ Basic Valuation k = the return investors consider appropriate for holding such an asset--usually referred to as the required return-- based on riskiness and economic conditions.

9-11 Different approaches for estimating the intrinsic value of a common stock Dividend growth model Corporate value model Using the multiples of comparable firms

9-12 Dividend growth model Value of a stock is the present value of the future dividends expected to be generated by the stock.

9-13 Stock Valuation Models Expected Dividends Terms: Expected Dividends

9-14 Market Price Terms: Market Price Stock Valuation Models

9-15 Intrinsic Value Terms: Intrinsic Value Stock Valuation Models

9-16 Growth Rate Terms: Growth Rate Stock Valuation Models

9-17 Required Rate of Return Terms: Required Rate of Return Stock Valuation Models

9-18 Dividend Yield Terms: Dividend Yield Stock Valuation Models

9-19 Example: Dividend yield If a firm is expected to pay a dividend of $2 (D 1 = $2). The current stock price is $40, what is the dividend yield? Dividend yield= D 1 / P 0 = 2 / 40 =5%

9-20 Practice: Dividend yield If a firm is expected to pay a dividend of $4 (D 1 = $4). The current stock price is $60, what is the dividend yield? Dividend yield= D 1 / P 0 = ?

9-21 Constant growth stock A stock whose dividends are expected to grow forever at a constant rate, g. D 1 = D 0 (1+g) 1 D 2 = D 0 (1+g) 2 D t = D 0 (1+g) t If g is constant, the dividend growth formula converges to:

9-22 Example: Constant growth If a firm just paid a dividend of $2 (D 0 = $2). The growth rate is expected to be constant at 10 %. If the cost of equity is 15%, what is the value of this stock? ^ P 0 = D 0 (1+g) / (K s – g) = 2(1.10)/( ) =44

9-23 Practice: Constant growth If a firm just paid a dividend of $5 (D 0 = $5). The growth rate is expected to be constant at 20 %. If the cost of equity is 25%, what is the value of this stock? ^ P 0 = ???

9-24 Example:Constant growth ABC Inc. is expected to pay a dividend of $5 (D 1 = $5) next year. The dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 6 %. If the cost of equity is 10%, what is the value of this stock? ^ P 0 = D 1 / (K s – g) = 5 / ( ) =125

9-25 Practice: Constant growth ABC Inc. is expected to pay a dividend of $2 (D 1 = $2) next year. The dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 10 %. If the cost of equity is 14%, what is the value of this stock? ^ P 0 = ?

9-26 Example: Non-constant growth A share just paid a dividend of $10. The dividend is expected to grow at 40 percent for the next three years. After that, dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 10 percent forever. The required rate of return is 20 percent. Calculate the value of this stock.

9-27 Practice: Non-constant growth

9-28 Corporate value model Also called the free cash flow method. Suggests the value of the entire firm equals the present value of the firm’s free cash flows. Find the market value (MV) of the firm, by finding the PV of the firm’s future FCFs. Subtract MV of firm’s debt to get MV of common stock. Divide MV of common stock by the number of shares outstanding to get intrinsic stock price (value).

9-29 Applying the corporate value model

9-30 Example: Corporate Value model

9-31 Firm multiples method Analysts often use the following multiples to value stocks. P / E P / CF P / Sales EXAMPLE: Based on comparable firms, estimate the appropriate P/E. Multiply this by expected earnings to back out an estimate of the stock price.

9-32 Practice: Multiples method Lowell Inc. is going public soon. It is expected to earn $5 per share this year (EPS = $5). If a similar firm has a P/E ratio of 10, what should the value of Lowell Inc.’s stock? P 0 = 5 * 10 = $50

9-33 Practice: Multiples method Lowell Inc. is going public soon. It is expected to earn $6 cash per share this year (CF = $6). If a similar firm has a P/CF ratio of 15, what should the value of Lowell Inc.’s stock? P 0 = ?

9-34 Firm multiples method Lowell Inc. is going public soon. It is expected to have a sales of $10 million this year. It has 1 million shares outstanding. If a similar firm has a P/Sales ratio of 5, what should the value of Lowell Inc.’s stock? P 0 = ?

9-35 Changes in Stock Prices Investors change the rates of return required to invest in stocks. Expectations change about the cash flows associated with particular stocks.

9-36 The Efficient Markets Hypothesis The weak form The weak form of the EMH states that all information contained in the past price movements is fully reflected in current market prices. The semistrong form The semistrong form states that current market prices reflect all publicly available information. The strong form The strong form states that current market prices reflect all pertinent information, whether publicly available or privately held.