Economy, Livelihood and Social Change Padma Prasad Khatiwada, PhD

Concept of Economy, Livelihood and Social Change Livelihood Equity Sustainability Each of them are ends and means.

What does livelihood comprise? People Their capabilities Their means of living (food, income and assets) Two types of assets Tangible (resources and stores) Intangible (claims and assets)

Objectives of Sustainable Development To have personal environmental balance for the better off, and for the pro-poor policies and actions to enhance capabilities, improve equity, and increase social sustainability.

Key questions related to sustainable livelihood Conditions for low fertility, that is, population management Utilisation of demographic dividend Intensity, Complexity, and diversity in small farming systems The livelihood –intensity of local economies Factors influencing migration

Concept of demographic dividend The process of accelerated economic growth that begins with changes in the age structure of a country’s population as it transits from high to low birth and death rates.

Demographic Dividends: Income Consumption gap

How demographic dividend is possible? Changing the age structure of a population is the first step. By slowing population growth, lowering fertility, and increasing the median age, countries are able to shift the youth dependency ratio so that there are more working-age adults to support a relatively smaller population of children.

The framework ………. Population Structure Health Educati on Govern ance Econo mics Demogra phic Dividend

Success story in Asia Countries like Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan (‘Asian Tigers’) are regarded as some of the countries that have managed to reap the benefit of population transition and thus have better managed the demographic dividend. More recently, countries like Thailand and Brazil are also well managing the dividend.

Sensitization on Four Generations In every community or society, there are four generations living together: First, above 60 years old with experience enough to share among the younger ones Second, above 40 years old with main responsibilities for making policies and programmes from the household level to community, district, regional, national and international levels. Third, above 20 years who are either crawling or staging towards career making for intervention on policies and programmes Fourth, below 20 years who are in the schooling life or entering into the higher education.

Why talk of … A slogan of 'togehterness' is essential Hear each other, understand each other and realize among each other. Such as women in politics, youth in politics; RH, and so on. All generations discuss, interact, argue and get opportunities to understand each other.

Importance of Intergeneration Planning at Community level Targets neighborhoods, specific individuals, Promote the well-being of children, youth, and older adults, Strengthen families, and provide opportunities for ongoing, mutually beneficial interaction among age groups, Look across the range “elder-friendly,” “child/youth-friendly,” and “family-friendly” initiatives, Elders serve as resources to children and families, and finds ways to enhance their capability,

Benefits of IG Planning Increased child and family well-being, Stretching and leveraging of limited resources, Policy transformation, Recognition of natural alliances, Increased civic participation, Stronger supports and networks

Core values of IG Planning Interdependence, Reciprocity, Individual worth, Diversity, Inclusion, Equity, Social connectedness

What is Intergeneration Participation? Participation of all generations on population matters What has its implication? Social Economic Cultural Political

Why social change? For prosperity For dignity Accommodation of diversity Achieving equality through equity measures Every human being is equal before law and human rights

How social change is possible? 1. Mobilization of capital Natural capital Financial capital Produced capital (physical assets) Human capital Social capital

2. People's centred development Integration of economic and social policies World Summit for Social Development: eradication of poverty; achieving full and productive employment and enhancing social integration; provision of social services and social protection; integration of social and economic policy; national and international cooperation for social development and improvement of public sector effectiveness. It also analyses the Commission’s conclusions on those issues. The social aspects of globalization; the compatibility of macroeconomic policies to social development goals; and the capacity of national governments to define and implement social policies. Synergy development by common efforts of technocrats and social scientists

3. Awareness raising for people to assert their rights Make them capable enough to: To assert; Redress; and Mediate.

4. Commercialization of farming/agriculture Who does farming in Nepal? Where is the market? What products are in market? Are they sustainable? Institutional commercialization in agriculture: Let’s give our elderly and children be relieved from tension-giving hardship of agriculture.

5. Greenery maintenance Utilization of the barren land:. Alternative concepts for traditional property inheritance system: Stop unnecessary growing land fragmentation Migration of remote areas scattered families towards the fertile low land; but do not harm indigenous knowledge and techniques

6. Balance between programme and research Huge investment for the research. Every program needs to have at least 10% of the total program's budget allocated for the research. Collaboration among the academic institutions like universities and the research centers and the programs to be undertaking by the government and non-government sectors need to be strengthened in the days to come. Balance of fund, function and functionary

7. Four Models of Development Classical Regulatory Competitive Exit

Thanks