3.1 Photo-electricity Electromagnetic research Hertz helped establish the photoelectric effect (which was later explained by Albert Einstein)photoelectric effectAlbert Einstein when he noticed that a charged object loses its charge more readilycharged when illuminated by ultraviolet light. In 1887, he made observations of the photoelectric effect and of the production and reception of electromagnetic (EM) waves, published in the journal Annalen der Physik. His receiver consisted of a coil with a spark gap,Annalen der Physikspark gap whereupon a spark would be seen upon detection of EM waves. He placed the apparatus in a darkened box to see the spark better. He observed that the maximum spark length was reduced when in the box. A glass panel placed between the source of EM waves and the receiver absorbed ultraviolet radiation that assisted the electrons in jumping across the gap.

3.1 Photo-electricity Electromagnetic research Hertz helped establish the photoelectric effect (which was later explained by Albert Einstein)photoelectric effectAlbert Einstein when he noticed that a charged object loses its charge more readilycharged when illuminated by ultraviolet light. In 1887, he made observations of the photoelectric effect and of the production and reception of electromagnetic (EM) waves, published in the journal Annalen der Physik. His receiver consisted of a coil with a spark gap,Annalen der Physikspark gap whereupon a spark would be seen upon detection of EM waves. He placed the apparatus in a darkened box to see the spark better. He observed that the maximum spark length was reduced when in the box. A glass panel placed between the source of EM waves and the receiver absorbed ultraviolet radiation that assisted the electrons in jumping across the gap. Stronger spark appeared here with UV light incident on the spark gap The discovery of photo-electricity 1887

The leaf falls because conduction electrons escape from the zinc surface clean zinc

The leaf falls because conduction electrons escape from the zinc surface clean zinc

The leaf falls because conduction electrons escape from the zinc surface clean zinc

The leaf falls because conduction electrons escape from the zinc surface clean zinc

Puzzling problems: 1. Below a ‘threshold’ frequency photoelectric emission does not occur e 2. N o of electrons emitted /sec to the intensity of radiation 3. There is no delay in emission ( no matter how weak the radiation) Wave theory would suggest emission: - occurs at any frequency - takes longer using low intensity waves UV light

Puzzling problems: 1. Below a ‘threshold’ frequency photoelectric emission does not occur e 2. N o of electrons emitted /sec to the intensity of radiation 3. There is no delay in emission ( no matter how weak the radiation) Wave theory would suggest emission: - occurs at any frequency - takes longer using low intensity waves UV light

Puzzling problems: 1. Below a ‘threshold’ frequency photoelectric emission does not occur e 2. N o of electrons emitted /sec to the intensity of radiation 3. There is no delay in emission ( no matter how weak the radiation) Wave theory would suggest emission: - occurs at any frequency - takes longer using low intensity waves UV light

Puzzling problems: 1. Below a ‘threshold’ frequency photoelectric emission does not occur e 2. N o of electrons emitted /sec to the intensity of radiation 3. There is no delay in emission ( no matter how weak the radiation) Wave theory would suggest emission: - occurs at any frequency - takes longer using low intensity waves UV light

Einstein’s explanation of photo electricity Energy of a photon = h f and because c = f λ Energy of a photon = h c λ An electron in the metal’s surface can absorb hf joules of energy from a single photon. Work function The electron can only leave the metal’s surface if the photon exceeds the Work function of the metal. Work function = the minimum energy needed for an electron to escape from the metal’s surface. Light ( or any e.m. radiation) travels in small packets of energy called photons - general term for a small packet of energy is called a quantum

Einstein’s explanation of photo electricity Energy of a photon = h f and because c = f λ Energy of a photon = h c λ An electron in the metal’s surface can absorb hf joules of energy from a single photon. Work function The electron can only leave the metal’s surface if the photon exceeds the Work function of the metal. Work function = the minimum energy needed for an electron to escape from the metal’s surface. Light ( or any e.m. radiation) travels in small packets of energy called photons - general term for a small packet of energy is called a quantum

Einstein’s explanation of photo electricity Energy of a photon = h f and because c = f λ Energy of a photon = h c λ An electron in the metal’s surface can absorb hf joules of energy from a single photon. Work function The electron can only leave the metal’s surface if the photon exceeds the Work function of the metal. Work function = the minimum energy needed for an electron to escape from the metal’s surface. Light ( or any e.m. radiation) travels in small packets of energy called photons - general term for a small packet of energy is called a quantum

Einstein’s explanation of photo electricity Energy of a photon = h f and because c = f λ Energy of a photon = h c λ An electron in the metal’s surface can absorb hf joules of energy from a single photon. Work function The electron can only leave the metal’s surface if the photon exceeds the Work function of the metal. Work function = the minimum energy needed for an electron to escape from the metal’s surface. Light ( or any e.m. radiation) travels in small packets of energy called photons - general term for a small packet of energy is called a quantum

Einstein’s explanation of photo electricity Energy of a photon = h f and because c = f λ Energy of a photon = h c λ An electron in the metal’s surface can absorb hf joules of energy from a single photon. Work function The electron can only leave the metal’s surface if the photon exceeds the Work function of the metal. Work function = the minimum energy needed for an electron to escape from the metal’s surface. Light ( or any e.m. radiation) travels in small packets of energy called photons - general term for a small packet of energy is called a quantum

Einstein’s explanation of photo electricity Energy of a photon = h f and because c = f λ Energy of a photon = h c λ An electron in the metal’s surface can absorb hf joules of energy from a single photon. Work function The electron can only leave the metal’s surface if the photon exceeds the Work function of the metal. Work function = the minimum energy needed for an electron to escape from the metal’s surface. Light ( or any e.m. radiation) travels in small packets of energy called photons - general term for a small packet of energy is called a quantum

Einstein’s explanation of photo electricity Light ( or any e.m. radiation) travels in small packets of energy called photons - general term for a small packet of energy is called a quantum Energy of a photon = h f and because c = f λ Energy of a photon = h c λ An electron in the metal’s surface can absorb hf joules of energy from a single photon. Work function The electron can only leave the metal’s surface if the photon exceeds the Work function of the metal. Work function = the minimum energy needed for an electron to escape from the metal’s surface.