Ductless Heat Pumps in Residential Applications Proposed Research Plan

Introduction Small multi or variable speed compressor Small multi or variable speed compressor.75 to 3 tons.75 to 3 tons Small footprint for outdoor compressor Small footprint for outdoor compressor Small variable speed indoor air handler Small variable speed indoor air handler Wall or ceiling mounted, by zone Wall or ceiling mounted, by zone Very low power fan and fan motor, no duct Very low power fan and fan motor, no duct Up to three single zone fans with larger capacity equipment Up to three single zone fans with larger capacity equipment Refrigerant lines connect compressor to individual air handlers Refrigerant lines connect compressor to individual air handlers Individual controls allow quick temperature adjustment, generally with remote device Individual controls allow quick temperature adjustment, generally with remote device Variable speed allows unit to control temperature of output and adapt to unfavorable climate conditions Variable speed allows unit to control temperature of output and adapt to unfavorable climate conditions

Performance 2006 Federal Standards require that this equipment meet a HSPF rating of Federal Standards require that this equipment meet a HSPF rating of 7.4 With variable speed fans SEER ratings are very high With variable speed fans SEER ratings are very high Largely the result of low speed fan operation for dehumidification Largely the result of low speed fan operation for dehumidification Not closely related to HSPF Not closely related to HSPF One to three single zone air handlers One to three single zone air handlers

Performance Ratings and Retail Price Summary: Single Zone Systems ManufacturerCapacityHSPFSEERCostInstalled Mitsubishi $1,900$3,200 Fujitsu151019$1,400$2,500 Daikin $1,400$2,500 Sanyo $1,300$2,400 LG12~7.413$1,300$2,400 Samsung $1,500$2,700

Performance Ratings and Retail Price Summary: Three Zone Systems ManufacturerCapacityHSPFSEERCostInstalled Mitsubishi $4,700$7,500 Fujitsu Daikin Sanyo $3,000$5,300 LG35~8.216$3,100$5,500 Samsung

Ductless Heat Pump Performance in Existing Homes Study 1 Objectives: Evaluate performance details for the DHP installation in situ Evaluate performance details for the DHP installation in situ Provide direct measure of capacity and COP in Northwest Climates. Provide direct measure of capacity and COP in Northwest Climates. Evaluate installation specifications and potential needs for commissioning for DHP control and interaction with existing zonal system Evaluate installation specifications and potential needs for commissioning for DHP control and interaction with existing zonal system Assess the performance and energy savings for DHPs and assess predicted savings analysis from manufacturer’s data. Assess the performance and energy savings for DHPs and assess predicted savings analysis from manufacturer’s data.

Sample Sample size would be about 6 units in similar climates to the other studies (Heating Zones 1 & 2). Sample size would be about 6 units in similar climates to the other studies (Heating Zones 1 & 2). Participants would be selected based on accessibility and willingness to accommodate one year data collection protocol Participants would be selected based on accessibility and willingness to accommodate one year data collection protocol Target would be 2 homes per locality. Target would be 2 homes per locality. Focus on a typical DHP installation may have more than one zone. Focus on a typical DHP installation may have more than one zone. Limit the DHPs to the HSPF rating above 7.7 with inverter driven compressor, air handlers. Limit the DHPs to the HSPF rating above 7.7 with inverter driven compressor, air handlers. Provide control specification and instruction for use of back-up electric zonal heat Provide control specification and instruction for use of back-up electric zonal heat

Monitoring Overview Characterize energy use prior to installation (Utility bills, weather-normalized) Characterize energy use prior to installation (Utility bills, weather-normalized) Limit program participation to customers with electric zonal heat. Limit program participation to customers with electric zonal heat. Screen for wood heat and intermittent occupancy. Screen for wood heat and intermittent occupancy. Install metering package that allows sub metering of DHW, DHP, electric zonal heat, and total energy. Integrated at hourly or daily level. Install metering package that allows sub metering of DHW, DHP, electric zonal heat, and total energy. Integrated at hourly or daily level. “Quad-metering” “Quad-metering” Install metering on low voltage control circuits and other components of the DHP Install metering on low voltage control circuits and other components of the DHP Assess speed control of compressor and air handler(s). Assess speed control of compressor and air handler(s). Indoor and outdoor temperature integrated at the same level Indoor and outdoor temperature integrated at the same level

Monitoring Details True power needed (inverter technology) True power needed (inverter technology) Temp control upstream of DHP Temp control upstream of DHP 24 VAC control of zonal electric heat before/after should be considered 24 VAC control of zonal electric heat before/after should be considered Estimation of COP would require experiments to measure system airflow. Estimation of COP would require experiments to measure system airflow. One time measurements at installation One time measurements at installation Review of installation and maintenance literature. Review of installation and maintenance literature. About 16 channels of data should be sufficient. About 16 channels of data should be sufficient.

Site Data Collection Cost information Cost information Equipment costs Equipment costs Installation costs Installation costs Equipment Specifications Equipment Specifications Manufacturer, Model Manufacturer, Model Capacity Capacity HSPF, SEER ratings HSPF, SEER ratings Home characteristics Home characteristics Size Size Heating system size, distribution, settings Heating system size, distribution, settings Major appliance specs (including DHW) Major appliance specs (including DHW) Weatherization measures Weatherization measures DHP control sequence DHP control sequence Startup routine Startup routine Low ambient performance Low ambient performance

Analysis Develop detailed assessment of COP and dependence on temperature, installation, and operator controls Develop detailed assessment of COP and dependence on temperature, installation, and operator controls Review relative contribution of DHP and electric resistance zonal Review relative contribution of DHP and electric resistance zonal Estimate net cooling contribution Estimate net cooling contribution Develop savings based on metered results and compare to gross savings analysis from total billing analysis. Develop savings based on metered results and compare to gross savings analysis from total billing analysis.

Timeline Install equipment early 2008 Install equipment early 2008 Collect data from winter 2008 through winter Collect data from winter 2008 through winter Evaluate data and summarize results, Spring 2009 Evaluate data and summarize results, Spring 2009

Budgets Incentives: Incentives: Target: 50% of installed costs ~($2000/unit) Target: 50% of installed costs ~($2000/unit) Total budget: $15,000 Total budget: $15,000 Monitoring: Monitoring: Instruments: $2500/home Instruments: $2500/home Installation and home review: $3000/home Installation and home review: $3000/home Total Monitoring: $35,000 Total Monitoring: $35,000 Data collection: Data collection: $30,000 $30,000 Analysis and report: Analysis and report: $50,000 $50,000 Total Budget, including detailed DHP monitoring: $130,000 Total Budget, including detailed DHP monitoring: $130,000 Research Budget - $115,000 Research Budget - $115,000

Ductless Heat Pump Performance in Existing Homes Study 2 Objectives: Establish applicability to existing zonal electric homes Establish applicability to existing zonal electric homes Develop costs and specifications for use in applying DHPs to existing homes Develop costs and specifications for use in applying DHPs to existing homes Establish installation specifications for DHP control and interaction with existing zonal system Establish installation specifications for DHP control and interaction with existing zonal system Assess the performance and energy savings for DHPs including Assess the performance and energy savings for DHPs including

Sample Sample size would be determine to meet a 90% confidence interval. Sample size would be determine to meet a 90% confidence interval. Participants would be stratified by each of four localities (utilities) Participants would be stratified by each of four localities (utilities) Target sample size would be homes per locality (100 to 160 total sample size) Target sample size would be homes per locality (100 to 160 total sample size) Assumes savings CV of about 0.3 to 0.4. Assumes savings CV of about 0.3 to 0.4. Assumes small climate variation in each locality Assumes small climate variation in each locality Locations: Heating Zones 1 & 2 Locations: Heating Zones 1 & 2

Monitoring Develop energy use prior to installation (Utility bills, weather normalized) Develop energy use prior to installation (Utility bills, weather normalized) Limit program participation to customers with electric zonal heat. Limit program participation to customers with electric zonal heat. Screen for wood heat and intermittent occupancy. Screen for wood heat and intermittent occupancy. Install metering package that allows sub metering of DHW, DHP, Electric zonal heat, and total energy. Integrated at hourly or daily level. Install metering package that allows sub metering of DHW, DHP, Electric zonal heat, and total energy. Integrated at hourly or daily level. “Quad-metering” “Quad-metering” Indoor and outdoor temperature integrated at the same level Indoor and outdoor temperature integrated at the same level

Data Collection Collect actual cost information Collect actual cost information Equipment costs, Equipment costs, Installation costs Installation costs Equipment Specifications Equipment Specifications Manufacture, Model Manufacture, Model Capacity Capacity HSPF, SEER ratings HSPF, SEER ratings Home characteristics Home characteristics Size Size Heating system size, distribution, settings Heating system size, distribution, settings Equipment specs Equipment specs Weatherization measures Weatherization measures DHP setup control sequence DHP setup control sequence

Analysis Develop savings estimates from billing analysis comparison before and after installation Develop savings estimates from billing analysis comparison before and after installation Review relative contribution of DHP and Electric zonal Review relative contribution of DHP and Electric zonal Estimate net cooling offset (from metering) Estimate net cooling offset (from metering) Develop savings based on metered results and compare to gross savings analysis from total billing analysis. Develop savings based on metered results and compare to gross savings analysis from total billing analysis.

Budgets Incentives: Incentives: Target: 50% of installed costs ~($1200/unit) Target: 50% of installed costs ~($1200/unit) Total budget: $140,000 Total budget: $140,000 Monitoring: Monitoring: Instruments: $1300/home Instruments: $1300/home Installation and home review: $1200/home Installation and home review: $1200/home Total Monitoring: $300,000 Total Monitoring: $300,000 Data collection: Data collection: $60,000 $60,000 Analysis and report: Analysis and report: $60,000 $60,000 Total Budget, Retrofit DHP measure: $560,000 Total Budget, Retrofit DHP measure: $560,000 Research Budget- $420,000 Research Budget- $420,000

Ductless Heat Pump Performance in New Residential Construction Study 3 Objectives Establish applicability for heating and cooling new single family homes. Establish applicability for heating and cooling new single family homes. Develop costs and specifications for use in applying DHPs to new homes Develop costs and specifications for use in applying DHPs to new homes Establish installation specifications for DHP control and interaction with supplemental zonal system or other back-up heating Establish installation specifications for DHP control and interaction with supplemental zonal system or other back-up heating Assess the performance and energy savings for DHPs including supplemental space heat and cooling requirements (offsets). Assess the performance and energy savings for DHPs including supplemental space heat and cooling requirements (offsets).

Sample Sample size would be determine to meet a 90% confidence interval with a modest CV (~.25) Sample size would be determine to meet a 90% confidence interval with a modest CV (~.25) Recruitment should focus on (100) homes in six climate zones (Ht. Zone 1/Cool Z1-Z3 & Ht. Zone 2/Cool Z1-3) Recruitment should focus on (100) homes in six climate zones (Ht. Zone 1/Cool Z1-Z3 & Ht. Zone 2/Cool Z1-3) Energy Star envelope with “Hybrid TCO” Energy Star envelope with “Hybrid TCO” Townhouses and smaller single family homes (~2000 sf) Townhouses and smaller single family homes (~2000 sf)

Monitoring Install metering package that allows sub metering of DHW, DHP, Electric zonal heat, and total energy. Integrated at hourly or daily level. Install metering package that allows sub metering of DHW, DHP, Electric zonal heat, and total energy. Integrated at hourly or daily level. “Quad-metering” “Quad-metering” Indoor and outdoor temperature integrated at the same level Indoor and outdoor temperature integrated at the same level Track unusual occupant events (e.g. vacation, extra occupants, change of occupants) Track unusual occupant events (e.g. vacation, extra occupants, change of occupants)

Data Collection Collect actual cost information Collect actual cost information Equipment costs, Equipment costs, Installation costs Installation costs Equipment Specifications Equipment Specifications Manufacture, Model Manufacture, Model Capacity Capacity HSPF, SEER ratings HSPF, SEER ratings Temperature and capacity curves Temperature and capacity curves Home characteristics Home characteristics Size Size Heating system size, distribution, settings Heating system size, distribution, settings Equipment specs (DHW, Appliances, etc) Equipment specs (DHW, Appliances, etc) DHP control sequence DHP control sequence

Analysis Develop savings estimates from billing analysis comparison before and after installation Develop savings estimates from billing analysis comparison before and after installation Review relative contribution of DHP and Electric zonal Review relative contribution of DHP and Electric zonal Estimate net cooling offset (from metering) Estimate net cooling offset (from metering) Develop savings based on metered results and compare to gross savings analysis from total billing analysis. Develop savings based on metered results and compare to gross savings analysis from total billing analysis. Assess performance relative to modeled estimates using SEEM. Assess performance relative to modeled estimates using SEEM.

Budgets Incentives: Incentives: Target 50% of installation costs ~($2500/unit) Target 50% of installation costs ~($2500/unit) $125,000 $125,000 Monitoring: Monitoring: Quad-metering, $1300/unit Quad-metering, $1300/unit Installation (with home review), $1200/unit Installation (with home review), $1200/unit 100 units, $250, units, $250,000 Data collection: Data collection: $40,000 $40,000 Analysis & report Analysis & report $60,000 $60,000 Total Budget, New construction: $575,000 Total Budget, New construction: $575,000 Research Budget - $350,000 Research Budget - $350,000