Dr. Svetlana Brzev University of British Columbia  

Special Session on Retrofit of Masonry Structures Confined Masonry: Seismic Retrofitting and New Construction of School Buildings Dr. Svetlana Brzev Department of Civil Engineering British Columbia Institute of Technology Vancouver, Canada Prof. Roberto Meli Instituto de Ingeneria, UNAM, Mexico

Confined Masonry: Beginnings Evolved though an informal process based on its satisfactory performance in past earthquakes The first reported use in the reconstruction after the 1908 Messina, Italy earthquake (M 7.2) - death toll 70,000 Practiced in Chile and Columbia since 1930’s and in Mexico since 1940’s Currently practiced in several countries/regions with high seismic risk, including Latin America, Mediterranean Europe, Middle East (Iran), South Asia (Indonesia), and the Far East (China).

Components of a Confined Masonry Building

Confined Masonry and School Buildings Suitable for low-rise buildings (most school buildings in Iran single-storey buildings) Suitable for building plans with smaller room sizes (4-6 m) – schools in rural areas and smaller towns Construction does not need advanced construction skills - it is expected that construction skills in rural areas are limited

Confined Masonry Construction: Performance in Recent Earthquakes February 2010, Chile M 8.8 521 deaths (10 due to confined masonry construction) January 2010, Haiti M 7.0 300,000 deaths 6

Performance of Confined Masonry in Iranian Earthquakes Source: URM Buildings and Earthquake, State Organization of Schools Renovation, Development and Mobilization, Iran, 2009

Performance of Confined Masonry in Iranian Earthquakes - Observations Key deficiencies: Poor quality of construction (especially concrete) Inadequate detailing of RC confining elements and their connections Code provisions not followed Inadequate construction supervision ? Inadequate construction skills?

School Retrofit and Reconstruction Project, Iran: Needs A significant effort (250,000 classrooms) 90% schools of masonry construction 70% schools are of non-engineered unreinforced masonry construction Construction quality for some (many?) schools likely an issue Viability of retrofit is questionable in such instances

Confined Masonry for Iranian Schools An opportunity to provide enhanced seismic safety for new school buildings It is also possible to retrofit the existing confined masonry school buildings, provided that the construction quality is acceptable – otherwise reconstruction is preferred

Global Resources Now Available: Seismic Design Guide for Confined Masonry Buildings A project of the Confined Masonry Network Developed by an international expert group under the auspices of Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) and International Association of Earthquake Engineering (IAEE) Recommendations based on experience from countries and regions where confined masonry construction has been practiced for many decades, including Mexico, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Iran, Indonesia, China, Algeria and Slovenia.

Seismic Design Guide for Low-Rise Masonry Buildings available online at www.confinedmasonry.org 12 12

Upcoming Events 12th Canadian masonry Symposium, Vancouver, Canada, June 2-5, 2013 www.cms2013.ca 9th International Masonry Conference, 2014, Guimaraes, Portugal www.9imc.uminho.pt North American Masonry Conference, 2015, Denver, USA International Brick/Block Masonry Conference, 2016, Padua, Italy

Acknowledgments Co-authors of the Guide: The sponsors: Maximiliano Astroza, Chile; Teddy Boen, Indonesia; Francisco Crisafulli, Argentina; Junwu Dai, China; Mohammed Farsi, Algeria; Tim Hart, USA; Ahmed Mebarki, France; A.S. Moghadam, Iran; Daniel Quiun, Peru; Miha Tomazevic, Slovenia; Luis Yamin, Colombia. The sponsors: Haiti eq photo: Ben Benjamin, WSB, Vancouver