GROUP MEMBERS: 1.AYESHA KHALID 2.NIRMAL TARIQ 3.MADIHA AURANGZAIB REFERENCING STYLES IN RESEARCH PAPER

REFERENCING: Referencing is the process of citing or documenting the sources of quotes, theories ideas, illustrations and diagrams that you have used in your writing. Way of acknowledging and giving credit to someone whose words, ideas or opinions are being utilized.

PURPOSE OF REFERENCING: Encourages and supports the collective construction of academic knowledge. Enables the person reading our work to trace the original sources used. Ensures that you are not accused of plagiarism. Show influences of author who has helped you in shaping your ideas. Indicates appreciation of hard work of writers and researchers.

DIFFERENT CITING STYLES: IEEE (INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS) HARVARD SPRINGER APA OXFORD

IEEE (INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS) References are numbered in [ ]. Listed according to the order used in the paper. Each time the source is referred to, the same number will be given. Page numbers are required with citations where material is directly quoted or you refer to a specific part of the source. For example [1, p. 3], [2, pp. 5-7], [3, para. 2.1]. For book with no given author, the author name is skipped.

IEEE (continued…) The IEEE citation style has 3 main features: 1.The author name is first name (or initial) and last. This differs from other styles where author's last name is first. 2.The title of an article (or chapter, conference paper, patent, etc.) is in quotation marks. 3.The title of the book or journal is in italics.

BOOK: Format: Reference number: [2] Author’s name: V. Hill, Title of Publication: The Structure of Metals, Edition: 3 rd ed., Place of publication: Oxford: Publisher: Pergamon Press, Year of Publication: 1998, Page numbers: pp

ONLINE BOOK: JOURNAL:

HARVARD: It requires two parts: 1.In-text Citation: Citations in Round Brackets “( )”. Three pieces of information 1.The name of the author(s) 2.The year of publication 3.The page number 2.List of References: The list arranged alphabetically by author surname. The title of a book should be in italics. Minimal capitalization is recommended

DIFFERENT STYLES OF IN-TEXT CITATION: BOOK: Reference list Brick, J. (2009) Academic culture: a student’s guide to studying at university,. National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research. Sydney. Paraphrasing - Author prominent Brick (2009, pp ) suggests three categories of reporting verbs. *page numbers required for paraphrasing specific information Paraphrasing - Information prominent Various factors play a role in independent learning (Brick 2009, pp ). *pinpoint the specific information Quoting - Author prominent As Brick (2009, p. 14) argues, 'most of the writing at university is likely to involve presenting a position'. *pinpoint the quote Quoting - Information prominent Academic autonomy 'involves mastering the specific skills involved in analysis, critical thinking and problem solving' (Brick 2009, p. 52). *pinpoint the quote Format: FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Book title - italicised or underlined. Series title and volume if applicable. Edition – if not the first. Place of publication: publisher.

JOURNAL: ONLINE BOOK:

SPRINGER: Always use the "core name" of a publisher, e.g., Wiley instead of John Wiley. Give only one main location for a publisher. For references to books published by Springer, use "Berlin Heidelberg New York" as the location. Capitalize only the first word in the title of an article, chapter, or book and any proper nouns. Any pages, figures etc. referred to specifically should be given in the text with the citations, as in these examples: (see p. 43 in [9]), (see Fig. 4 in Smith and Jones 1997), and (see Chap. 3 in Jones 1998).

CITATION OF REFERENCES: Citation by Name and Year Citation by Number The numbers in the bibliography section are without square brackets.

OR Use "in press" only in place of volume and page numbers that are not yet available, not as a substitute for the (probable) year of publication or for a journal name, both of which are required. Try to give the DOI (digital object identifier) a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. for such an article if possible. EXAMPLE:

BOOK: Author names: Smith SE Year of publication: (1976) Title of chapters: Neuromuscular blocking drugs in man. Editor name: Zaimis E (ed) Title of book: Neuromuscular junction. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Volume no. : vol 42 Reference to books: Springer, Berlin Heidelberg Abbreviations for page numbers: Like in this example, pp

JOURNAL: SITE REFERENCES:

APA List of references begins on a new page. Heading is centered. Double spacing is used throughout. For unusual formats add note in brackets. Example: [DVD] The first line of an entry is at the left margin; subsequent lines indent ½. Alphabetize the reference list by the last names of the authors When a work has no author or editor, alphabetize by the first word of the title other than A, An, or The.

EXAMPLE: Authors’ names: Hoppin, A. G., & Taveras, E.M. Date of publication: (2004, June 25). Titles of books and articles: Assessment and management of childhood and adolescent obesity. Clinical Update. Abbreviations for page numbers Breaking a URL: Retrieved from

OXFORD: Referred to as documentary note style. It has two components. 1.FOOTNOTE CITATION: A superscript number “ 1 ” is inserted in the text. This superscript number then appears at the bottom of the page where the footnote is recorded. Author's initial before the surname (e.g. John Smith). Cite a single page reference, for example p. 3, or more than one page, for example pp.3-6. Ibid. is used if reference has been used again (consecutively) with same page but for different page of same source then write, for example: Ibid., p. 6. If same reference is used (not consecutively) then author’s surname and page number is used.

REFERENCE LIST: The full details for each citation is listed at the end. The author’s surname comes first i.e. Grimshaw, P opposite to footnote. Listed in alphabetical order by author's surname. If you have cited more than one work by the same author, you should arrange them by date. Reference list entries for books do not contain page numbers. When citing a journal article, include the full page numbers for the article, e.g. pp

BOOK: In the Text: At the end of the page: Reference number: 1 Author(s) initial(s) and surname(s): M Lake Name of the article, book or journal: ‘Intimate strangers’ Publication: Making a Life: a People’s History of Australia Since 1788 Editors: V. Burgman and J. Lee (eds) Publisher name and Location: Penguin, Victoria Year of Publication: 1988 Page number: p. 155

BOOK: Reference List: OTHER: