THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR John Capp & Bakhtiar Litkouhi IEEE Spectrum May 2014 IS 376 September 4, 2014

THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 PAGE 2 WATCHFUL CARS SATELLITE SYSTEMS PROVIDE NAVIGATION DATA WIRELESS COMMUNICATION BETWEEN VEHICLES HELPS PREVENT COLLISIONS SENSORS PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY SURROUNDING THE CAR THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE (ROAD SIGNS, TRAFFIC SIGNALS, ETC.) TRANSMIT CURRENT LOCAL CONDITIONS PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS WITH WEARABLE DEVICES (E.G., MOBILE PHONES) MAKE THEIR PRESENCE KNOWN TO THE VEHICLE

THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 PAGE 3 SATELLITE NAVIGATION GLOBAL POSITION SYSTEMS USE TRILATERATION TO PINPOINT THE LOCATION OF A RECEIVER. MULTIPLE SATELLITES ORBIT THE EARTH, TRANSMITTING THEIR CURRENT POSITIONS. THE RECEIVING STATION COMPUTES ITS DISTANCE FROM THREE OF THOSE SATELLITES AND CALCULATES THE TWO POINTS OF INTERSECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE SPHERES SURROUNDING THEM. ONE OF THOSE TWO POINTS IS ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH, AND THAT POINT IS THE GPS LOCATION OF THE RECEIVER. TO COMBAT ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS AND STRUCTURAL INTERFERENCE, THE SATELLITES PERIODICALLY TRANSMIT TO EARTH STATIONS WITH FIXED LOCATIONS, ADJUSTING THEIR CALCULATIONS ACCORDINGLY.

THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 PAGE 4 360° SENSING ULTRASONIC SENSORS USE ACOUSTIC WAVES TO PROVIDE PROXIMITY DETECTION FOR LOW-SPEED EVENTS; IT IS BLIND IF THE CAR IS MOVING FASTER THAN A PERSON CAN WALK. RADAR (RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING) IS MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE, BUT WORKS IN ANY KIND OF WEATHER AND HAS SHORT-, MEDIUM-, AND LONG-RANGE CAPABILITIES TO SUPPORT ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL, BLIND-SPOT DETECTION, ETC.

THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 PAGE 5 V2V COMMUNICATION VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE COMMUNICATIONS IS A PROPOSED WIRELESS NETWORK IN WHICH AUTOMOBILES SEND MESSAGES TO ONE ANOTHER ABOUT WHAT THEY’RE DOING (E.G., SPEED, LOCATION, DIRECTION OF TRAVEL, BRAKING, LOSS OF STABILITY). WITH A COMMUNICATION RANGE OF 1000 FEET AND THE ABILITY TO RETRANSMIT RECEIVED SIGNALS, V2V COULD POTENTIALLY MAKE CERTAIN THAT DRIVERS ALWAYS HAVE INFORMATION CONCERNING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS A MILE AHEAD. IN AUGUST 2014, THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ANNOUNCED PLANS TO CREATE A NEW FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD REQUIRING V2V COMMUNICATION CAPABILITY FOR LIGHT VEHICLES (PROBABLY BY 2016).

THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 PAGE 6 V2I COMMUNICATION RED LIGHT VIOLATION WARNING ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT (RSE) BROADCASTS SIGNAL PHASE AND TIMING (SPAT) MESSAGE, GEOMETRIC INTERSECTION DESCRIPTION, AND GPS CORRECTION IN-VEHICLE DEVICE DETERMINES IF VEHICLE IS IN DANGER OF VIOLATING A RED LIGHT CURVE SPEED WARNING ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT BROADCASTS GEOMETRIC AND WEATHER INFORMATION TO IN- VEHICLE DEVICE IN-VEHICLE DEVICE DETERMINES APPROPRIATE SPEED FOR THAT PARTICULAR VEHICLE, WITH WARNINGS TAILORED TO SPECIFIC VEHICLE CAPABILITIES STOP SIGN GAP ASSIST ROADSIDE SENSORS DETECT ONCOMING TRAFFIC ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT BROADCASTS TRAFFIC STATUS IN-VEHICLE DEVICE DETERMINES IF THERE IS ANY DANGER FOR VEHICLE ON MINOR ROAD RAILROAD CROSSING VIOLATION WARNING ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT CONNECTED WITH EXISTING TRAIN DETECTION EQUIPMENT IN-VEHICLE DEVICE DETERMINES PROBABILITY OF VEHICLE CONFLICT WITH APPROACHING TRAIN AND ISSUES ALERT TO DRIVER THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IS DEVELOPING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A VEHICLE-TO-INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM.

THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 PAGE 7 MORE V2I COMMUNICATION SPOT WEATHER IMPACT WARNING ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT CONNECTED TO REMOTE WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEM (RWIS) WEATHER EVENTS AND LOCATIONS BROADCAST TO VEHICLE IN REAL-TIME IN-VEHICLE DEVICE ISSUES ALERT TO DRIVER OVERSIZE VEHICLE WARNING ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT BROADCASTS BRIDGE/TUNNEL DIMENSIONS AND DETECTED VEHICLE DIMENSIONS TO OVERSIZE VEHICLE IN-VEHICLE DEVICE ISSUES ALERT TO DRIVER TO TAKE ALTERNATE ROUTE OR A WARNING TO STOP REDUCED SPEED/WORK ZONE WARNING ROADSIDE SENSORS CONNECTED TO TRAFFIC MESSAGE CHANNEL (TMC) AND/OR LOCAL NETWORK IN WORK ZONE ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT BROADCASTS SPEED LIMIT INFORMATION AND WORK ZONE INFORMATION IN-VEHICLE DEVICE ISSUES ALERT TO DRIVER TO REDUCE SPEED, CHANGE LANES, AND/OR PREPARE TO STOP

ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR Philip E. Ross IEEE Spectrum June 2014

A professional drives the platoon’s lead vehicle, which communicates with the following cars by radio. A professional drives the platoon’s lead vehicle, which communicates with the following cars by radio. A professional drives the platoon’s lead vehicle, which communicates with the following cars by radio. A professional drives the platoon’s lead vehicle, which communicates with the following cars by radio. Drivers in the following vehicles relax. When the platoon approaches their various destinations, each driver pulls to the side and drives on independently. Drivers in the following vehicles relax. When the platoon approaches their various destinations, each driver pulls to the side and drives on independently. Drivers in the following vehicles relax. When the platoon approaches their various destinations, each driver pulls to the side and drives on independently. Drivers in the following vehicles relax. When the platoon approaches their various destinations, each driver pulls to the side and drives on independently. A driver finds a platoon that’s going the right way by selecting a destination and following the navigation system’s directions. The driver joins the platoon at the rear and the system takes control. A driver finds a platoon that’s going the right way by selecting a destination and following the navigation system’s directions. The driver joins the platoon at the rear and the system takes control. A driver finds a platoon that’s going the right way by selecting a destination and following the navigation system’s directions. The driver joins the platoon at the rear and the system takes control. A driver finds a platoon that’s going the right way by selecting a destination and following the navigation system’s directions. The driver joins the platoon at the rear and the system takes control. When one car leaves the platoon, the following cars automatically close the gap and continue until their drivers decide to peel off and go their own way. When one car leaves the platoon, the following cars automatically close the gap and continue until their drivers decide to peel off and go their own way. When one car leaves the platoon, the following cars automatically close the gap and continue until their drivers decide to peel off and go their own way. When one car leaves the platoon, the following cars automatically close the gap and continue until their drivers decide to peel off and go their own way.

VOLVO: MAGNETIC ROADS ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR IS 376 September 4, 2014 Page 11 In February 2014, Volvo unveiled its research on the concept of embedding magnets in roadways as a means of supporting driverless cars. Their conclusion was that, at a cost of $109 per car and $40K per mile on a two-line road, it represents the most economically feasible approach currently in existence.

SAFETY ISSUE: INATTENTION ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR IS 376 September 4, 2014 Page 12 A recent study by the Highway Loss Data Institute indicates that many vehicles with lane departure warning systems actually experienced an increase in collisions. To some critics, this provides supporting evidence that dependence on such systems may cause drivers to reduce their vigilance during driving.

SAFETY ISSUE: HACKING Advanced driver assistance systems, such as emergency braking and intersection surveillance, could potentially be invaded by external hackers. ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR IS 376 September 4, 2014 Page 13 Current proposed measures to combat such hacking are primarily variations of the safety and security procedures used in the aviation industry.

SAFETY ISSUE: IRRESPONSIBILITY Will reliance on advanced safety features result in irresponsible behavior behind the wheel? ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR IS 376 September 4, 2014 Page 14

PREDICTED TIMELINE ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR IS 376 September 4, 2014 Page Modern Cruise Control 1966 Mechanical Antilock Brakes 1987 Electronic Stability Control 1995 Adaptive Cruise Control 2001 Lane- Departure Warning 2003 Pre-Crash Mitigation System 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge 2010 Google Car 2012 Nevada Autonomous Car Licenses 2014 NHTSA Autonomous Rulemaking 2018? First V2V & V2I Vehicles 2020? Driverless Traffic Jam Assistance 2025? Driver- Supported Autonomous 2030? Fully Autonomous Cars 2032? Half of All New Cars Autonomous