Nutrients Nutrients - Substances that provide energy and materials needed by an organism to live includeproteins,carbohydrates,fats,vitamins,minerals, and water Nutrition- How an organism obtains nutrients (food) Autotrophic synthesize - Organism can synthesize its own food from inorganic molecules Photosynthesis- Plants making glucose from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide Heterotrophic- Organisms that can not make there own food - Organisms must eat Thank goodness Santa likes hamburgers more than reindeer burgers!!!! CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2

Absorption-The passing of materials through a cell membrane If no energy is used it is called? If energy is used it is called? Digestion- Breakdown of food particles so they can pass through cell membrane Proteins break down into… Carbohydrates (starches) break down into… Mechanical digestion- Chewing, chomping, grinding down food - Increases surface area Chemical digestion- The use of enzymes to break chemical bonds and make simpler substances Diffusion Active Transport Amino Acids Simple Sugars

Nutrition in Other Organisms

CaloriesEnergy content of food 1 g of carbohydrate has less than ½ the calories as 1 g of fat!!!! Number of calories a person requires depends upon 1. Sex of person - Guys typically need more 2. As you stop growing you need fewer calories 3. Lifestyle USA has one of the highest obesity rates of any nation!!! Obesity- overweight - Raises risk of diabetes and heart disease Men 2250 Cal Women 1940 Cal

Human Digestive System Mouth and Phyranx - Mechanical digestion takes place by chewing and crushing with teeth cut Tear or shred Crush

Healthy Teeth Gingivitis Perioddontitis

Chewing tobacco causes oral cancer

Tongue-moves and shapes food for swallowing Salivary glands- Produce saliva to begin chemical digestion -saliva wets food and breaks down starches into simple sugars Your body produces 1.25 L of Saliva a day!!! STARCH glucose

Pharynx- Back of mouth Epiglottis- Flap of skin that covers windpipe as food is swallowed NOW FOR THE GROSS FACTOR

Esophagus- Tube that connects pharynx to stomach Peristalsis- food movement by contraction and relaxation of muscles

Vomiting is caused by reverse peristalsis!!!! Yech!!!

Stomach- Muscle that continues mechanical digestion - Begins digestion of proteins - Secretes strong acids - Walls of stomach are protected by mucus - Liquids pass through stomach in 20 minutes or less - Solids take from 2 to 6 hours to digest in stomach

- Places in stomach where acid eats away stomach liningUlcers Heliobactar Pelori TIME FOR THE GROSS FACTOR!!!

Anorexia nervosa Bulimia – people binge eat then force themselves to vomit - Acids from stomach can eat away at esophogus and teeth people starve themselves to obtain “ideal” body weight

Small Intestine- Coiled tube 6.5 m long 2.5 cm in diameter - Where most chemical digestion takes place - Many types of enzymes break down foods Why are enzymes so specific? What are some things that affect how well enzymes work? - Small compounds are absorbed through the walls into the blood stream Can hold up to 9L of fluid, more than 10% of body volume - Absorption takes place by diffusion and active transport - Contents of small intestine are basic

Pancreas- Produces a basic solution to neutralize the acid from the stomach What would the pH of a basic solution be?- Also produces enzymes to act on proteins, carbohydrates, fats and nucleic acids amylase- Breaks down starches proteases- Break down proteins lipases- Break down fats

Liver- Produces bile to breakdown fats Gall bladder-stores bile Appendix- Small pouch where small and large intestine meet - Has no function but can become infected

Large Intestine- 1.5 m long and 6 cm in diameter - Where undigested and unabsorbed materials are stored - Main function is to reabsorb water Diarrhea- To little water is reabsorbed Constipation- To much water is reabsorbed - Vit. K is produced by bacteria in the Lg intestine - Last function is elimination of feces from body Rectum- Where feces is stored Anus - Where feces leaves body ARE YOU READY FOR GROSS???