Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 The Language Of Medicine 9 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

Chapter 13 Blood System Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3 Chapter Goals  Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of blood.  Differentiate among the different types of blood groups.  Identify terms related to blood clotting.  Build words and recognize combining forms used in blood system terminology.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Chapter Goals (cont’d)  Describe various pathologic conditions affecting blood.  Describe various laboratory tests and clinical procedures used with hematologic disorders, and recognize relevant abbreviations.  Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Chapter 13 Lesson 13.1

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Introduction Blood: Transports foods, gases, and wastes to and from the cells of the body  Other transported items:  chemical messengers  blood proteins, white blood cells, and platelets

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Composition of Blood  cells  plasma  water  proteins  sugar  salts  hormones  vitamins

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Cell Types and Function Erythrocytes : red blood cells transport nutrients and oxygen Leukocytes: white blood cells Thrombocytes: platelets; clot blood

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Cell Types and Function (cont’d) Leukocytes: or white blood cells basophils: contain heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses) eosinophils: phagocytic cells involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections neutrophils: phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of infection monocytes: phagocytic cells that become macrophage and digest bacteria and tissue debris lymphocytes: control the immune response; make antibodies to antigens

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Stages in Blood Development (Hematopoiesis)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Review: Composition of Blood

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Plasma Plasma Proteins  albumin  globulins: immunoglobulins (IgG,IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE)  fibrinogen  prothrombin

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Blood Types Type A: A antigen and anti-B antibody Type B: B antigen and anti-A antibody Type AB: A and B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient) Type O: no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor) Rh factor (positive and negative)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Blood Clotting Coagulation: fibrin clot Anticoagulants: heparin, warfarin (Coumadin)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved The blood contains the following to transport oxygen: A.white blood cells B.plasma C.platelets D.red blood cells QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ:

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 2. Blood contains these clotting cells: A.erythrocytes B.plasma C.thrombocytes D.leukocytes

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Combining Forms and Terminology  bas/obase  chrom/ocolor  coagul/oclotting  cyt/ocell  eosin/ored, dawn, rosy  erythr/ored Combining FormMeaning

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18  granul/ogranules  hem/o blood  hemat/oblood  hemoglobin/ohemoglobin  is/osame, equal  kary/onucleus Combining FormMeaning Terminology

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19  leuk/owhite  mon/oone, single  morph/oshape, form  myel/obone marrow  neutr/oneutral  nucle/onucleus Combining FormMeaning Combining Forms and Terminology

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20  phag/oeat, swallow  poikil/ovaried, irregular  sider/oiron  spher/oglobe, round  thromb/oclot Combining FormMeaning Terminology

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Suffixes  -apheresis  -blast  -cyte  -cytosis  -emia  -globin  -globulin  -lytic  -oid  -osis  -penia  -phage  -philia  -phoresis  -poiesis  -stasis

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Chapter 13 Lesson 13.2

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Diseases of Red Blood Cells Anemia: Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin Other types of anemia:  aplastic anemia  hemolytic anemia  pernicious anemia  sickle cell anemia  thalassemia

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Types of Anemia  Aplastic anemia: failure of blood cell production due to aplasia or absence of cell formation of bone marrow cells  Hemolytic anemia: reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction  Pernicious anemia: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B 12 into the body

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Types of Anemia (cont’d) sickle cell : a hereditary disease characterized by abnormal shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis thalassemia : an inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin hemochromatosis : excess iron deposits throughout the body polycythemia vera : general increase in red blood cells

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 3. What is the most common type of anemia? A.hemolytic anemia B.sickle cell anemia C.iron deficiency anemia D.aplastic anemia

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Types of Anemia

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Disorders of Blood Clotting hemophilia: Excessive bleeding caused by the lack of one of the protein substances necessary for blood clotting purpura: Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Diseases of White Blood Cells leukemia: An increase in cancerous white blood cells  acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)  acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)  chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)  chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Acute Leukemia  Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia  Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Diseases of White Blood Cells granulocytosis: Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood mononucleosis: An infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Disease of Bone Marrow Cells multiple myeloma: Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow. Malignant cells destroy bone tissue and cause overproduction of immunoglobulins.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Chapter 13 Lesson 13.3

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Laboratory Blood Tests  antiglobulin test  bleeding time  coagulation time  complete blood count (CBC)  erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)  hematocrit (Hct)  hemoglobin test (H, Hg, HGB)  partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Laboratory Blood Tests (cont’d)  platelet count  prothrombin time (PT)  red blood cell count (RBC)  red blood cell morphology  white blood cell count (WBC)  white blood cell differential

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Clinical Procedures apheresis: Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select part from the blood blood transfusion: Whole blood or cells taken from a donor and infused into a patient bone marrow biopsy: Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle hematopoietic stem cell transplant: Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor administered into a recipient’s vein

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Review Sheet COMBINING FORMS  bas/o _________  chrom/o _________  coagul/o _________  cyt/o _________  eosin/o _________  erythr/o _________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 38 COMBINING FORMS  bas/obase  chrom/ocolor  coagul/oclotting  cyt/ocell  eosin/ored, dawn, rosy  erythr/ored Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning Review Sheet (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 39 COMBINING FORMS  granul/o _________  hem/o _________  hemat/o _________  hemoglobin/o _________  is/o _________  kary/o _________ Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning Review Sheet (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 40 COMBINING FORMS  granul/ogranules  hem/o blood  hemat/oblood  hemoglobin/ohemoglobin  is/osame, equal  kary/onucleus Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning Review Sheet (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 41 COMBINING FORMS  leuk/o _________  mon/o _________  morph/o _________  myel/o _________  neutr/o _________  nucle/o _________ Combining Form Meaning Review Sheet (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 42 COMBINING FORMS  leuk/o white  mon/o one, single  morph/o shape, form  myel/o bone marrow  neutr/o neutral  nucle/o nucleus Combining Form Meaning Review Sheet (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 43 COMBINING FORMS  phag/o _______________  poikil/o _______________  sider/o _______________  spher/o _______________  thromb/o _______________ Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning Review Sheet (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 44 COMBINING FORMS  phag/oeat, swallow  poikil/ovaried, irregular  sider/oiron  spher/oglobe, round  thromb/oclot Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning Review Sheet (cont’d)