Coagulation Monitoring During Surgery: When and Why? Prof Khaled Yassen MD FFARCSI Department of Anaesthesia Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Egypt.

Old and New Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Egypt

Introduction Coagulation changes frequently associate end stage liver disease. During liver transplantation these changes can present with complex haemostatic disorders. HYPER or HYPO Needs monitoring and management adequately for both Live Donors and Recipients

DONORS HYPERCOAGULATION

Live Liver Donors can be at risk Screening for coagulation disorders Pulmonary embolism reported in a donor due to an increased von Willebrand factor activity) A policy which led to reject candidates for donation in this center. Durand F, Liver Transpl Feb;8(2): Durand F

Donors excluded due to Hypercoagulation Due to homozygous Factor V Leiden Mutation in a study from Menoufiya Liver Institute, Egypt. Coagulation changes for liver donors using the Rotational Thromboelastometry. Lotfy M et al. Poster presentation ILTS and LICAGE meeting Spain 2015 Published in Clinical transplantation journal 2013; 03-16

Factor V Leiden Mutation Transmission to recipients Donor factor V Leiden mutation lead to vascular thrombosis following liver transplantation. Hirshfield G Liver Transpl Surg Jan;4(1):58-61 Hirshfield G Recurrent deep-vein thrombosis acquired after liver transplantation due to a homozygous factor V Leiden mutation Willems M Liver Transpl Aug;9(8):870-3 Willems M.

Donors Can Transmit Coagulation Disorders Factor V Leiden and hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Dunn TB, Clin Transplant Jan-Feb;20(1):132-5 Dunn TB Activated protein C resistance acquired through liver transplantation and associated with recurrent venous thrombosis. Leroy-Matheron C J Hepatol Jun;38(6):866-9.Leroy-Matheron C

Liver Donors Thrombotic Complications Hypercoagulability after partial liver resection. Thromb Haemost Dec;98(6):1252 Bezeaud A et alBezeaud A thromboprophylaxis is needed. Thrombin-antithrombin complexes and sP- selectin could serve as early biological predictors of thrombotic complications

Recipients’ Hypercoagulation

These haemostatic changes, as well as technical and surgical factors, may have a role in the early development of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) Lisman T, Porte RJ. Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation: more than just a surgical complication? Transpl Int2009;22: 162–4. Hypercoagulation studies

Thromboembolic Events with LTx Hamostaseologie Aug;26(3 Suppl 1):S Coagulation management during liver transplantation] Görlinger K.Görlinger K Recommendation Abolished the routine prophylaxis with antifibrinolytic drugs.

 Is relatively well preserved with whole blood global viscoelastic tests (TEG/ROTEM) compared to INR aPTT and other classical lab tests Mallett S, Chowdary P, Burroughs A. Clinical utility of viscoelastic tests of coagulation in patients with liver disease Liver Int. 2013;33:961-74

An imbalance between pro and anticoagulant systems and post operative fibrinolytic shutdown Stahl RL, Duncan A, Hooks MA,et al. A hypercoagulable state follows orthotopic liver transplantation.Hepatology 1990;1: 553–8. Viscoelastic tests and hypercoagulation post liver transplant research

McCrath DJ, et al Thromboelastography maximum amplitude predicts postoperative thrombotic complication including myocardial infarction. Anesth Analg2005;100:1576–83. Dai Y, et al. Does thromboelastography predict postoperative thromboembolic events?. Anesth Analg 2009;108: 734–42. Can Viscoelastoc tests predict vascular problems

Designing a study to look into the hypercoagulation in Recipients

Rotational thromboelastometry for hypercoagulable recipients during and after live liver transplantation Abdel Salam Y, Yassen K et al To be presented during LICAGE 2015 Montpellier France

 Research is funded by the Anaesthesia Department funds and Liver Transplant Unit facilities. Menoufiya University, Liver Institute, Egypt

T o study the perioperative coagulation profile and outcome for live liver transplant recipients with tendency to hypercoagulability. AIM

South African Cochrane Registration Single-blinded diagnostic study.

Patients and Methods : A prospective diagnostic study 53 consecutive recipients Only 43 positive for three or more of the following tests demonstrating tendency to hypercoagulate. (abnormal Factor V leidin mutation, low Protein C, low ProteinS, low Antithrombin III, increased Lupus anticoagulant, increased Homocystein IgG-IgM). HCV 36/43 (83.7%) HCV+HCC 16/43 (37.2%)

Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) (EXTEM, INTEM and FIBTEM) CCT (Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (a PTT), fibrinogen level, platelets count, and International normalization ratio (INR) Preoperatively, anhepatic phase, post- reperfusion, postoperative Day 1, 3 and 7. Coagulation studies

Main parameters of ROTEM

F (Repeated Measures ANOVA) = , p=0.000* p=0.000*

F (Repeated Measures ANOVA) = , p=0.000* CT normal range 38-79

F (Repeated Measures ANOVA) = , p=0.000* p=0.001* Normal CT

Box and Whisker plot of fibrinogen blood levels Normal fibrinogen mg/dl

Box and Whisker plot of MCF level of FIBTEM MCF FIBTEM 9-25

Observational study of 298 liver transplant patients, high fibrinogen levels and low protein C levels were significantly associated with post-transplant thrombotic events Ayala R, et al. Recipient and donor thrombophilia and risk of portal venous thrombosis and hepatic artery thrombosis in liver recipients.BMC Gastroenterol2011;11: 130. Hypercoagulation and Fibrinogen

FIBTEM parameters during and after operation till POD7. ParameterPreoperative Before reperfusion After reperfusion POD1POD3POD7 ANOVA (F) P value MCF (mm) 11.48± ± ± ±3.4*23.7±5.7*28.8±7.1* **

 Limited number of recipients involved  The study did not extend beyond Day 7 postoperative  Other factors involved in the coagulation as factor VIII and Ptn C were not followed up  Fibrinoltyic system need to be investigated in depth

 An increase in fibrinogen activity demonstrated by FIBTEM postoperatively  The ability of FIBTEM to be used as a predictor for thromboembolic events need to be investigated when CCTs fails to diagnose the condition.  FIBTEM after 7 Days need to be followed

 No correlation between CCT and ROTEM  A New Anticoagulation regimes monitored and guided by ROTEM parameters should be the focus of future research studies to replace the conventional lab tests

 Use of thromboelastography Platelet Mapping (TM) to monitor antithrombotic therapy in a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome.Liver Transpl2010;16:38–41. A case report of a patient with BCS and TIPS occluded with thrombus, describes the use of TEG to guide management of anticoagulant therapy and recanalisation of the stent

 Anticoagulation after liver transplantation: a retrospective audit and case control study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis2009;20: 615–18.  Optimal anticoagulant regime in these patients is still an open question, using heparin with monitoring CCT still leads to significant bleeding complications in certain patients

 Larger randomised control studies are need to investigate coagulopathy in liver disease in depth using viscoelastic tests as ROTEM particularly FIBTEM and present cut off values to predict thrombosis or bleeding  In depth study of Platelets function not represented by routine lab tests.

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