Green Chemistry and Sustainability From waste to wealth James Clark Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence University of York, UK

Benefits of the Chemical Industry

Yet everybody hates chemicals! Pressures on the Chemical Industry Across the Lifecycle

We are running out of key elements Elemental unsustainability

Location of Scarce Elements 5 And who owns the mineral rights to those that are left?

So much ends up in waste

What do we do with our waste? What a waste!!

Waste is tomorrows resource We need to encourage the greater use of chemically rich waste as a resource

…Food waste is everywhere too ! 90 Mt of food waste generated every year in the E.U.27 (incl. industrial and household waste) or 179kg per capita in the UK, over 90% of the 5.7 Mt of commercial and industrial FW is discarded to landfill

A world of possibilities… Palm oil waste 15.8 Mt/y Unripe coconut husks 5 Mt/y Cassava starch 228 Mt/y 30 Mt/y of Agro-residues 382 t/y coffee husks 1 Mt/y of food waste Agro-residues 46 Mt/y Spent coffee grounds 3 Mt/y Orange peels 12 Mt/y

Food supply chain residues sugars phenols collagen starch natural dyes chitosan cellulose pectin hemicellulose waxes films bio-adhesives hydrogels natural chelants bio-solvents chemical monomers nanocomposites bio-surfactants PVC replacements Chemicals from food waste Liquid fuels cosmetic waxes solid fuels hydrophobes lignin Visit our exhibition!

Selection Criteria volumes available in one location chemical potential occurrence in different countries local Network contacts relevance for green chemical technologies

Sustainable sources of Carbon Over 90% of organic chemicals are based on petroleum feedstocks - this is not sustainable

Petroleum feedstock Fuels Solvent Bulk chemicals Plastics Fibres Fine chemicals Oils Petroleum Refinery

Fuels Solvent Bulk chemicals Plastics Fibres Fine chemicals Oils Bio-refinery Biomass Don’t use food quality feedstocks!!

We need to introduce Green Chemistry concepts and practices across the supply chain(s) It’s not just about how safe the product is…. Or how clean the manufacturing is…….. Or how sustainable the feedstocks are

Valorising food waste makes your raw material double green The chemical industry is too dependent on traditional virgin sources of raw materials - sources that are becoming scarce, expensive and unreliable, and often from regions with uncertain social and political conditions Why don’t we even make it triple green?

What is Green Chemistry? Sustainable Development and Business SD ECONOMIC SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL Energy waste Non-renewables risk cost REDUCE water

Microwave Processing Clean Synthesis & Platform Molecules Natural Solvents & Biolubricants Training, Education and Networks

Extractables (secondary metabolites from straw) Materials (primary metabolites – starch, cellulose) Bulk Chemicals ((Bio)chemical processing of bulk materials/residues) CHEMICAL POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES ADDING VALUE Biomass including food and agro-wastes Benign Extraction Methods Separation/Purification Green Chemical Transformation Expansion Methods Green Chemical Modification Composites Selective Fermentation Controlled Pyrolysis Extraction Technology (Bio)platform molecules Green Chemistry/technology

Recyclable Making use of food wastes….. Switchable adhesives for carpet tiles (InterfaceFlor) Diverting millions of Kg pa from landfill

Bio-silicates (B&Q) Bio-based composite materials for structural and furniture applications Future construction materials based on 100% green and sustainable components More uses for food waste and for ashes…..

Making your process greener Chemical manufacturing is largely based on chemistry that is complex, energy-, solvent-, and water-intensive and produces a lot of CO 2 and considerably more (often hazardous) waste than product

Eco-waxes Charles Jackson Farms - Botanix - Croda - L’Oreal - Processum Wheat strawScCO 2 extractionWax products Cosmetic Products Health Products Semiochemicals ( Rothamsted) “Natural” products are very desirable…they need to be: - derived from natural resources - extracted using “natural” solvents (H 2 O, EtOH, CO 2 ) - modified only be “natural” methods (biocatalysis) Using plant extracts….

Microwave activation of biomass development of an alternative method of decomposing biomass

One type of future biorefinery based on single large volume feedstock and using green chemical technologies to make a range of products

Integrated wheatstraw biorefinery

A new OPEC- Orange Peel Exploitation Company 50% juice 50% waste Valorisation of a million ton scale pre-consumer waste to bio-chemicals, bio-materials and bio-fuels. BIO-CHEMICALS 8,069,705 T/y of waste orange peels available in Brazil BIO-FUELS BIO-MATERIALS bio-ethanol Bio-solvents chars liquid fuelssugars water purificationseparations Natural fragrance chemicals Chemical intermediates acid catalysts catalysis

8,069,705 T/y of waste orange peels available in Brazil for example Chemicals & solvents Waxes, alkanes, surface hydrophobes, insect repellant Personal care product additives Flavours & fragrances Bio d-limonene Bio-plastics (i.e. PET) Bio-plastics (i.e. PET) Bio p-cymene Bio p-cymene sulphonic acid: organic acid catalyst Bio p-cresol & bio- acetone: commodity chemicals Sugars Bio-ethanol Other platform molecules i.e. HMF Pectin Pectin thickening agent in food products Mesoporous carbonaceous material for catalysis, metal support, water purification and separation Bio α-terpineol p-α-dimethyl styrene Juicing process Oranges Orange juice Cellulose

Recent developments in the press: PepsiCo looks to reuse plant waste Mar 14, :10pm EDT CHICAGO (Reuters) PepsiCo Develops World's First 100 Percent Plant-Based, Renewably Sourced PET Bottle PepsiCo Inc is working on ways to reuse waste like oat husks and orange peels.

York, the University and Green Chemistry at York  Top 5 UK-ranked Chemistry Department  World-leading Green Chemistry Centre dedicated to creating genuinely sustainable supply chains for chemical and related products; -associated activities include Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (white biotechnology) and Stockholm Environment Institute  Top 100 World- and Top 10 UK-ranked University University of the Year 2010 York One of Europe’s most beautiful and historic cities

Research Industry collaboration Education, including development of teaching and promotional materials Networking with all chemical stakeholders Activity Areas The Centre’s Activities can be groups into 4 areas:

NORSC Combining the expertise of the leading Northern England Universities to provide sustainable chemistry solutions to industry NORSC Combining the expertise of the leading Northern England Universities to provide sustainable chemistry solutions to industry MUSC The Chemical Industries Association and the Green Chemistry Centre working together to create new green and sustainable supply chains for chemical products MUSC The Chemical Industries Association and the Green Chemistry Centre working together to create new green and sustainable supply chains for chemical products Anglo-French collaboration chemicals from biomass using green chemistry and white biotechnology Anglo-French collaboration chemicals from biomass using green chemistry and white biotechnology Green Chemistry and the Consumer Green chemistry solutions for the retailer and producer Green Chemistry and the Consumer Green chemistry solutions for the retailer and producer Green Chemistry networks worldwide Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Japan, USA, Korea, Brazil…….. Green Chemistry networks worldwide Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Japan, USA, Korea, Brazil…….. Promoting awareness and facilitating, education, training and practice of green chemistry worldwide Promoting awareness and facilitating, education, training and practice of green chemistry worldwide SUSTOIL The international Network for alternatives to petroleum

Education and Training Contact-based long and short Courses and Masterclasses Supported e -learning Full or Part-time Certificate, Diplomas and Degree options Including MSc in Green Chemistry and Sustainable Industrial Technology We need to better prepare the next generation and retrain the existing workforce in the principles and practices of green chemistry

MSc in Green Chemistry & Sustainable Industrial Technology Principles & Technologies Principles, Environmental Impact, Chemical Engineering, Catalysis for Green Chemistry, Alternative Reaction Media, Energy, Clean Synthesis, Renewable Resources, Greener Products Supporting Courses IP, Business Opportunities, Green Chemistry Presentations, Legislation Presentations and Literature Research Research Project & Oral Presentation In collaboration with Industry Transferable Transferable SkillsSkills

Green Chemistry Network Est with funding from the Royal Society of Chemistry Not-for-profit CLG One of the largest international networks of this type in the world International membership Excellent forum for information exchanges and collaboration

Networking Projects Green Chemistry & the Consumer Engaging the retailers through low technical awareness of greener chemistry “Research shows that 80% of the 16 Million people visiting our stores each week want sustainable products” “A clear majority (of our customers) want this process to be simplified” “Green Chemistry is not only a solution, it is the solution” [Mike Barry, Mark & Spencer Head of CSR] Biodegradable Surfactants Halogen-free flame retardants Environmentally friendly bitter-taste blockers for drugs We must encourage mechanisms for engaging the (very many) users of the chemical industry

Science and Society Engagement Celebration Event (2010)

Pre – HE: Education and Outreach Aims To excite young people about chemistry and the positive impact it can have. To enable young people to critically engage with ideas and solutions Impacts/areas of work lots of projects and funding at key stage 2 - Discovery Days, Countryside Days, Science Days in Primary Schools - High awareness about environment at young age, interest and enthusiasm opportunities at GCSE/A level stage

(some of) the York Green Chemistry Centre staff and graduate students

Past The Chemical Industry of the Past(?)

The Chemical Industry Today

The Chemical Industry Tomorrow(?)

Research Industry Networking Education