Properties of Matter

 What is Matter? ◦ Stuff that makes up everything in the universe  What are Properties of Matter? ◦ Hardness, texture, shape, temperature, flammability, size, color ◦ Matter can change properties (ex: solid to a liquid)  What are characteristic properties? ◦ A quality of a substance that never changes and can be used to identify the substances ◦ Used to identify unknown matter

 What is boiling? ◦ The process that occurs when vaporization takes place inside a liquid as well as on the surface. ◦ At what temperature does a substance boil? ◦ Boiling Point: temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas  What is melting? ◦ The change in state from a solid to a liquid ◦ Melting Point: The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid ◦ What do you think? Do all substance have the same melting point?

SubstanceMelting Point ( 0 C)Boiling Point ( 0 C) Water0100 Chloroform-6461 Ethanol Propane Table Salt8011,465

 What are physical changes? ◦ Alters the form of a substance but does not change its identity ◦ Examples: boiling point, melting point  What are chemical changes? ◦ A change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances ◦ Examples: burning wood, melting table sugar ◦ Chemical Activity: a characteristic property of a substance that indicates its ability to undergo a specific chemical change

Types of Matter Mixtures  Two or more substances that are mixed together but Not chemically combined  Individual substances keep their separate properties  Classify mixtures by how well mixed they are  Solution: A very well- mixed mixture Pure Substances  A substance made of only one kind of matter and having definite properties  Every sample is always the same, no matter of the form  Elements and compounds

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 Homo: ?  Hetero: ?  Homogeneous:  Heterogeneous:

Solute  A substance dissolved in another substance  Usually smaller amount  Dissolved substance Solvent  A liquid in which substances are dissolved forming a mixture  Usually greater amount  Dissolving substance  Universal Solvent is water

 When a substance is soluble, it means that it can be dissolved easily.  Example?  Salt and water  When a substance is saturated it is unable to hold or contain more; it is full.  When a substance is insoluble, it means that it is NOT easily dissolved.  Example?  Sand and water

 Mass is how much matter is in an object.  Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on an object.  Weight changes when gravity changes; mass does not.  Volume is the amount of space that matter occupies

 Density is the measurement of how much mass of a substance is contained in a given volume  Formula: D = M/V  Problem: ◦ A bottle floats on the water. It has a volume of 36 cubic centimeters, and a mass of 9 grams. What is the density of the wood?

 r+for+kids&page=1&qsrc=178&ab=3&u=htt p%3A%2F%2Fhome.howstuffworks.com%2Fsci ence-projects-for-kids-states-of-matter.htm r+for+kids&page=1&qsrc=178&ab=3&u=htt p%3A%2F%2Fhome.howstuffworks.com%2Fsci ence-projects-for-kids-states-of-matter.htm  Three States of Matter ◦ Solids, Liquids, Gases  Defined mainly by whether or not they hold their volume and shape.  To define the states of matter, we need to examine their properties

 Has a definite shape and a definite volume  The particles that make up the solid are packed very closely together  Each particle is tightly fixed in one position, thus giving it its shape and volume  The particles vibrate back and forth

 States of Matter States of Matter

 No shape of its own; takes on the shape of its container  Has a definite volume  Does not easily compress or expand  The particles in the liquid are packed closely together, but can move around each other freely

 Can change its volume  The volume and the shape of a gas is the volume and shape of its container  The volume of a gas is the same as the volume of the container.  It’s measured in cubic centimeters, milliliters or Liters, etc

 Heat is energy which spontaneously flows from an object with a high temperature to an object with a lower temperature.  The measure of the total motion of all the particles of a substance is called heat energy  Temperature is the measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance  Thermometer is an instrument that measures the temperature of a system in a quantitative way  Why is this important? It leads us to the next question….

 The transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another  It can be either endothermic or exothermic  Exothermic releases heat  Endothermic absorbs heat  Basic Phase Changes ◦ Solid to liquid ◦ Liquid to gas ◦ Gas to liquid ◦ Liquid to solid ◦ Solid to a gas

 The phase or state of matter can change when the temperature changes.  Generally, as the temperature rises, matter moves to a more active state.  As the temperature decreases, matter moves to a less active state.  Phase describes a physical state of matter. If energy is added (like increasing the temperature or increasing pressure) or if energy is taken away (like freezing something or decreasing pressure) you have created a physical change.

 Plasma is a lot like gas, but the atoms are different because they are made up of free electrons and ions of the element.  It takes a very special environment to keep plasmas going.  They are different and unique from the other states of matter.

 Evaporation is the process that occurs when vaporization takes place only on the surface of a liquid.  Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid.  Specific Heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius.  Latent heat is the amount of energy released or absorbed by a chemical substance during a change of state (i.e. solid, liquid, or gas), or a phase transition.  Immiscible means incapable of being mixed

 Latent Heat of Fusion is the energy required to change a gram of a substance from the solid to the liquid state without changing its temperature.  Latent Heat of Vaporization is the energy required to change a gram of a liquid into the gaseous state at the boiling point.

 Solutions are groups of particles that are mixed up in a completely even distribution.  Solutions have an even concentration throughout the system.  Example: Sugar in water  Mixtures are everywhere.  Examples: sand & water, air, oceans & beach  Every solution is a mixture, but NOT every mixture is a solution.

Look at Substance A and Substance B. Describe each in as much detail as possible. Do you think either is a pure substance? Why? Chem4Kids.com: Matter: Solutions