Leptospirosis. caused by a bacteria called a spirochete Spirochete -finely coiled, thin, motile, obligate, slow-growing anaerobes.

Leptospirosis transmitted by many animals (rats, skunks, opossums, raccoons, foxes, and other vermin) contact with infected soil or water contaminated with waste products of an infected animal.

To prevent leptospirosis Reduce the rat population with the destruction of their habitats - maintain a clean home Avoid immersion in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and canals Avoid immersion in floods Use protective footwear or clothing when immersion to natural waters or floods is inevitable

Hepatitis A as Infectious Hepatitis acquired through ingestion of food contaminated with human waste and urine of persons with Hepatitis A. Symptoms : Fever, flu, abdominal discomfort w accompanied by vomiting, Washing of hands after using the toilet, before preparing the food and before eating is advised to prevent acquiring such illness. Proper disposal of human waste is necessary and clams or other shellfish from waters suspected to be contaminated with human waste should be cooked for 4 minutes or steamed for 90 seconds before eating.

Typhoid. Characterized: – sustained high fever, – headache, – loss of appetite – diarrhea or constipation and abdominal discomfort.

Typhoid To prevent typhoid fever, surroundings should be kept clean to avoid the breeding of flies and food especially vegetable and fruits should be washed well before eating and should be covered to prevent flies from contaminating them. Avoid the intake of unsanitary street food and always wash hands after using the toilet and before eating.

Cholera. Syptoms – sudden onset of frequent painless watery stools, – vomiting and rapid dehydration with sunken eyeballs, – wrinkled and dry skin.

Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it" If you drink water, buy it bottled or bring it to a rolling boil for 1 minute before you drink it. Bottled carbonated water is safer than uncarbonated water. Ask for drinks without ice unless the ice is made from bottled or boiled water. Avoid popsicles and flavored ices that may have been made with contaminated water. Eat foods that have been thoroughly cooked and that are still hot and steaming.

Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it" Avoid raw vegetables and fruits that cannot be peeled. Vegetables like lettuce are easily contaminated and are very hard to wash well. When you eat raw fruit or vegetables that can be peeled, peel them yourself. (Wash your hands with soap first.) Do not eat the peelings. Avoid foods and beverages from street vendors. It is difficult for food to be kept clean on the street, and many travelers get sick from food bought from street vendors.

Red tide poisoning Syptoms: – sense of numbness around the mouth or the face, – dizziness, – pricking sensation – paralysis of hands and feet, – body weakness, – rapid pulse beat, – difficulty in talking or swallowing – abdominal pain, – vomiting and diarrhea. *Although these symptoms may be felt 12 hours after eating red tide contaminated fishes and other marine products, it is best to rush the patient to the nearest hospital when the symptoms start to manifest.

“Prevention is better than cure”.