AN INTRODUCTION

The aggregate of the income of five heads:-  Income from salaries  Income from house property  Profit and gains of business and profession  Capital gains  Income from other sources

GROSS TOTAL INCOME – DEDUCTIONS UNDER SECTIONS 80C TO 80U = TOTAL INCOME

Any receipt which is of a casual and non- recurring nature i.e. income the receipt of which is accidental and without any stipulation. Winnings from lottery, crossword puzzles, betting etc. is casual income. The expenses and losses of these incomes is not adjusted. The TDS rate is 30%.

 AN INDIVIDUAL  A HINDU UNDIVIDED FAMILY  A COMPANY  A FIRM  AN AOP OR BOI  A LOCAL AUTHORITY  EVERY ARTIFICIAL JURIDICAL PERSON

 ORDINARY ASSESSEE: who is liable to pay tax on his own income.  DEEMED ASSESSEE: who is deemed to be an assessee for some other person…..any representative of a minor, lunatic person etc.  Assessee in default: when a person is responsible for doing any work under the act and he fails to do it…. An employer who is to deduct the TDS but he does not do it.

A PERIOD OF 12 MONTHS IN WHICH THE TAX IS ASSESSED ON THE INCOME OF PREVIOUS YEAR. PREVIOUS YEAR A PERIOD OF 12 MONTHS IN WHICH THE INCOME IS EARNED ON WHICH THE TAX IS ASSESSED IN THE ASSESSMENT YEAR.

o INCOME OF NON-RESIDENT FROM SHIPPING BUSINESS o INCOME OF PERSONS LEAVING INDIA o INCOME OF AN AOP, BOI OR AN ARTIFICIAL JURISDICAL PERSON FORMED FOR A PARTICULAR EVENT OR PURPOSE o TRANSFER OF PROPERTY TO AVOID TAX o ON DISCONTINUANCE OF A BUSINESS OR PROFESSION

When a person reduces his total income by making false claims or by withholding the information regarding his real income, so that his tax liability is reduced. This is illegal, immoral, anti social and anti national. The tax evaders face the penalty and prosecution.

This is an art of dodging tax without actually breaking the law, by availing of certain loopholes in the law. TAX PLANNING This is an arrangement of one’s financial affairs by taking full advantage of all exemptions, deductions, rebates and reliefs permitted under the act, so that the burden on the assessee is the least.