PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 411 Lesson 2A Drilling Systems Drilling Rigs Drilling a Well

Homework Read ADE to p. 21 Learn the Definitions in Lesson 2B ADE # 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 (on the internet) due Monday, September 8, 2003 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Rotary Drilling CHAPTER 1 (ADE) Drilling Team Drilling Rigs Rig Power System Hoisting System Circulating System . . . 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Rotary Drilling - cont’d The Rotary System The Well Control System Well-Monitoring System Special Marine Equipment Drilling Cost Analysis Examples 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

From the Houston Chronicle, August 2001, 2002 and 2003 The Rig Count From the Houston Chronicle, August 2001, 2002 and 2003 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

From the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, September 1, 2002 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

From the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, August 31, 2003 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Noble Drilling’s Cecil Forbes A Jack-Up Rig 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Sonat’s George Washington A Semi-Submersible Rig 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Zapata’s Trader A Drillship 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

FLOATING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Deep Water Development Options SUBSEA COMPLETIONS FIXED PLATFORMS COMPLIANT TOWERS FLOATING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS TENSION LEG PLATFORMS 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

TENSION LEG PLATFORM 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Shell’s Auger Tension Leg Platform 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Shell’s Bullwinkle World’s tallest offshore structure 1,353’ water depth Production began in 1989 45,000 b/d 80MM scf/d 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

To TENSIONERS SLIP JOINT MARINE RISER GUIDE LINES BOP STACK GUIDE BASE MUDLINE 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Fig. 1.3 - Typical drilling rig organization 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Fig. 1.4 The rotary drilling process 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Fig. 1.5 Classification of rotary drilling rigs 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Fig. 1.13 Engine power output P = F . V Power = Force * Velocity 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

TABLE 1.1 - HEATING VALUE OF VARIOUS FUELS 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Solution: The angular velocity, w , is given by Example 1.1. A diesel engine gives an output torque of 1,740 ft-lbf at an engine speed of 1,200 rpm. If the fuel consumption rate was 31.5 gal/hr, what is the output power and overall efficiency of the engine? Solution: The angular velocity, w , is given by w = 2p (1,200) = 7,539.8 rad/min.) The power output can be computed using Eq.1.1 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Since the fuel type is diesel, the density is 7.2 lbm/gal and the heating value H is 19,000 Btu/lbm (Table 1.1). Thus, the fuel consumption rate w f is: wf = 3.78 lbm/min. The total heat energy consumed by the engine is given by Eq. 1.2: 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Efficiency = (Power Out / Power in) Qi = w f H Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at 1,200 rpm given by Eq. 1.3 is 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Drilling a Well Steps in Drilling a Well Duties of Drilling Engineer Making a Connection Making a Trip Rig Selection Criteria Derrick Loading Definitions (Lesson 2B) (separate) 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil Well 1. Complete or obtain seismic, log, scouting information or other data. 2. Lease the land or obtain concession. 3. Calculate reserves or estimate from best data available. 4. If reserve estimates show payout, proceed with well. 5. Obtain permits from conservation/ national authority. 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d 6. Prepare drilling and completion program. 7. Ask for bids on footage, day work, or combination from selected drilling contractors based on drilling program. 8. If necessary, modify program to fit selected contractor equipment. 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d 9. Construct road, location/platforms and other marine equipment necessary for access to site. 10. Gather all personnel concerned for meeting prior to commencing drilling (pre-spud meeting) 11. If necessary, further modify program. 12. Drill well. 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d 13. Move off contractor if workover unit is to complete the well. 14. Complete well. 15. Install surface facilities. 16. Analysis of operations with concerned personnel. 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Drilling Operations Field Engineers, Drilling Foremen A. Well planning prior to SPUD B. Monitor drilling operations C. After drilling, review drilling results and recommend future improvements - prepare report. D. General duties. What are the well requirements? Objectives, safety, cost 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Making a Connection Making a Trip 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Making a mouse hole connection 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Making a mouse hole connection - cont’d Moving Kelly to Single in Mousehole Single Added. Ready to Drill Stabbing the Pipe Making a mouse hole connection - cont’d 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Making a trip Why trip? Use Elevators for Put Kelly in Rathole tripping Put Kelly in Rathole 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Tripping one stand at a time 60-90 ft Making a trip - cont’d 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Criteria for determining depth limitation Derrick Drawworks Mud Pumps Drillstring Mud System Blowout Preventer Power Plant 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

LD = 2W (no friction in sheave) T W W W 2W FIG 1-1 Simple Pulley System T = W LD = 2W (no friction in sheave) 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

W = 4 T T = W/4 LD = 6 T = 6 W/4 n = number of lines W = weight (hook load) LD = load on derrick FIG 1-2 Block and Tackle System Assuming no friction W = 4 T T = W/4 LD = 6 T = 6 W/4 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Example 1.1 (no friction) The total weight of 9,000 ft of 9 5/8-inch casing for a deep well is determined to be 400,000 lbs. Since this will be the heaviest casing string run, the maximum mast load must be calculated. Assuming that 10 lines run between the crown and the traveling blocks and neglecting buoyancy effects, calculate the maximum load. 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Solution: The tension, T, will be distributed equally between the 10 lines. Therefore, T = 400,000/10 = 40,000 lbf The tension in the fast line and dead line will also be 40,000 lbf, so the total load is 40,000 X 12 = 480,000 lbf 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Solution, cont. Example 1.1 demonstrates two additional points. 1. The marginal decrease in mast load decreases with additional lines. 2. The total mast load is always greater than the load being lifted. 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

A Rotary Rig Hoisting System 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Projection of Drilling Lines on Rig Floor TOTAL 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Load on Derrick (considering friction in sheaves) Derrick Load = Hook Load + Fast Line Load + Dead Line Load Fd = W + Ff + Fs× E = overall efficiency, e.g., E = en = 0.98n 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Example 1.2 A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks can provide an input power to the block and tackle system as high as 500 hp. Eight lines are strung between the crown block and traveling block. Calculate 1. The static tension in the fast line when upward motion is impending, 2. the maximum hook horsepower available, 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Example 1.2, cont. 3. the maximum hoisting speed, 4. the actual derrick load, 5. the maximum equivalent derrick load, and, 6. the derrick efficiency factor. Assume that the rig floor is arranged as shown in Fig. 1.17. 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Solution 1. The power efficiency for n = 8 is given as 0.841 in Table 1.2. The tension in the fast line is given by Eq. 1.7. Tension in the Fast Line, ( 0.988 = 0.851 ) 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Solution 2. The maximum hook horsepower available is Ph = E·pi = 0.841(500) = 420.5 hp. 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Solution 3. The maximum hoisting speed is given by 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Solution to 3., cont. To pull a 90-ft stand would require 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Solution 4. The actual derrick load is given by Eq.1.8b: 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Solution 5. The maximum equivalent load is given by Eq.1.9: 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling

Solution 6. The derrick efficiency factor is: 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling