Social Protection: a mechanism for inclusive development EU-Africa Economic and Social Stakeholders’ Network Brussels, 5 March 2014 Griet Cattaert, ILO

Overview 2 ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

The need for social protection Pervasive poverty and income inequality 3  1.4 billion people are still living on less than US$1.25 a day (World Bank).  1.75 billion people experience multidimensional poverty with deprivations in heath, economic opportunities, education and living standards (UNDP).  925 million suffer from chronicle hunger (FAO).  2.6 billion people do not have access to improved sanitation and 884 million people do not have access to improved sources of drinking water (WHO/UNICEF).  796 million adults are illiterate (UNESCO).  8.8 million children under the age of five die every year from largely preventable health problems (WHO). About 75 per cent of the population is not covered by adequate social security.  1 out of every 4 person (ILO). Pervasive Poverty ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

The need for social protection Pervasive poverty and income inequality 4  The richest 20 per cent of the world population received more than 80 per cent of the world’s income in 2007, while the poorest 20 per cent received about one per cent. Income Inequality ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

The need for social protection Pervasive poverty and income inequality 5 Income Inequality ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

The need for social protection Pervasive poverty and income inequality 6  Ageing: the share of the population at age 65 and over is estimated to increase from 8 per cent in 2013 to 16 per cent by 2050 (UNDESA, Population division, 2013).  Migration: at least 232 million international migrants today, a particularly vulnerable group (IOM, 2014)  Rural-urban shift: urban populations are forecast to exceed rural ones (this may threaten the traditional mechanisms of solidarity). More demographic challenges to come ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

The need for social protection Social and economic necessity of social protection systems We know from more than one century of history of the modern welfare state that social transfers and services are powerful policy instruments to combat poverty, insecurity and inequality and...achieve the MDGs Social services and transfers are an economic necessity to unblock the full economic potential of a country, Only people that are well nourished, well educated and as healthy as possible, and have been brought up in socially secure families will in the long run be productive contributors to national and the global economies and constructive, participating and responsible members of societies who can forcefully make their voices heard There is now widespread acceptance that social protection/security serve as social and economic stabilisers in times of crisis - Countries with existing systems are in a better position to cope with the social and economic fall-out than those who have to introduce new ad-hoc measures. Social protection is one of the foundations for inclusive, equitable and sustainable development A floor of social protection is thus a prerequisite investment in the development process and in people. ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

The need for social protection Coverage Gap 8 80% of the world population do not have access to comprehensive coverage 30% of the population do not have access to essential health care Social protection coverage gap Only 15% of the population has access to unemploymen t benefits 60% of the elderly do not receive a pension 50% of the children are living in poverty, many lack access to health and education ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

The SPF Concept The virtuous cycle effect 9 Quality education for all, strong social protection, prudent macroeconomic policies, active labour market, policies, and effective bargaining Rapid productivity growth with income gains shared broadly, a strong middle class Sustained and broad-based growth in domestic effective demand, low levels of indebtness Stable and resilient GDP growth, high employment and social peace Virtuous cycle Source: SPF-AG discussion notes, by Kemal Dervis. The underlying development policy paradigm: “Growing with equity” ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

Social Protection Floors R202 Global legal roots 10  Adoption of R202 on National Floors of Social Protection (ILC 2012) “Social protection floors are nationally defined sets of basic social security guarantees which secure protection aimed at preventing or alleviating poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion” Legal roots Recalling that the Declaration of Philadelphia Considering the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in particular Articles 22 and 25, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in particular Articles 9, 11 and 12 Considering also ILO social security standards ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

Social Protection Floors R202 Objective Provides guidance to Members to (a) establish and maintain, as applicable, social protection floors as a fundamental element of their national social security systems; and (a) establish and maintain, as applicable, social protection floors as a fundamental element of their national social security systems; and (b) implement social protection floors within strategies for the extension of social security that progressively ensure higher levels of social security to as many people as possible, guided by ILO social security standards. (b) implement social protection floors within strategies for the extension of social security that progressively ensure higher levels of social security to as many people as possible, guided by ILO social security standards. ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

Social Protection Floors R access to a set of goods and services constituting essential health care basic income security for children basic income security for persons in active age unable to earn sufficient income basic income security for persons in old age NATIONALLY-DEFINED GUARANTEES: The guarantees should ensure at a minimum that, over the life cycle, all in need have access to essential health care and to basic income security which together secure effective access to goods and services defined as necessary at the national level. They should comprise at least the following basic social security guarantees: national definition of minimum levels SCOPE: Guarantees should be provided to at least all residents and children, as defined in national laws and regulations, subject to Members’ existing international obligations. (para. 6) ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

Social Protection Floors R (a) set objectives reflecting national priorities; (b) identify gaps in, and barriers to, protection; (c) seek to close gaps in protection through appropriate and effectively coordinated schemes, whether contributory or non-contributory, or both, including through the extension of existing contributory schemes to all concerned persons with contributory capacity; (d) complement social security with active labour market policies, including vocational training or other measures, as appropriate; (e) specify financial requirements and resources as well as the time frame and sequencing for the progressive achievement of the objectives; (f) raise awareness about their social protection floors and their extension strategies, and undertake information programmes, including through social dialogue. When formulating and implementing social security extension strategies, Members should (para. 14): NATIONAL DIALOGUE ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

National experiences SPF in practice 2. What as been done so far? One: Advocacy at global, regional, national levels => e.g. UNCSocD Resolution 2010, UN Millennium Summit, G8, G20, Yaounde Triparite Declaration, South South Dialogue, input to G20, Signature campaign Two:Country operations in Cambodia, Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Nepal, Togo, Benin, Vietnam... with other agencies and IMF on basis of joint UN manual Three: High-level Social Protection Floor Advisory Group established under chairpersonship of Ms. Michelle Bachelet ; report issued in October 2011 “Social protection floor for a fair and inclusive globalization” The 100th ILC and the emergence of a new policy paradigm HEALTH: China (urban & rural), India (RSBY), Thailand (UCS), Mexico (Seguro popular), Colombia (regimen subsidiado), Uruguay, Chile (plan AUGE), Burkina Faso, Rwanda … CCTs: Brazil (Bolsa Familia), Mexico (Oportunidades) Employment guarantee schemes: India (NREGA), Uruguay (Política de empleo promovido), Argentina (Plan jefes y jefas de familias) Social pensions: Brazil, South Africa, Bolivia (pension dignidad), Chile (pension basica solidaria), Thailand (500 Bath scheme), China (rural old age pension)… Comprehensive SPF: Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Uruguay ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

National experiences Fiscal space for Social Protection exists even in the poorest countries There is national capacity to fund social protection floors in virtually all countries Spending on SP is an investment, as it can result in positive, immediate and long-term economic and social return Affordability and financing are not only technical questions but also political choices There are many options, supported by UN and IFI policy statements:  Re-allocating public expenditures  Increasing tax revenues  Fighting illicit financial flows  Lobbying for increased aid and transfers  Tapping into fiscal and foreign exchange reserves  Restructuring debt  Adopting a more accommodative macroeconomic framework (e.g. tolerance to some inflation, fiscal deficit) ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

ILO Follow-up and strategy for implementation: support for countries in… Making social protection floors a national reality worldwide Promoting the implementation of R.202 – Awareness raising Building the capacities of national constituents – Technical advisory and capacity building Supporting constituents through knowledge sharing, technical cooperation and advice Policy, knowledge and tools development Supporting national dialogue processes Building and strengthening partnerships ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

ILO’s right based approach to social protection Supporting national scale-up Providing technical support and critical policy advise in the design, legal framework, costing, implementation and/or monitoring and evaluation of social protection programmes and capacity development promoting social inclusion worldwide. Encouraging national social dialogue to ensure that development decisions are socially- responsive and have national ownership. Building linkages to eliminate the worst forms of exploitation, like child labour, and to ensure that people in rural areas, the informal economy, domestic workers, migrant workers, people with disabilities and others are included in development. Being a global leader and advocate of social protection floors. ILO has nearly 100 years of experience in advocating for policies and approaches that protect workers and vulnerable people. ILO National experiences SPF – R202 The need for social protection

18 “The world does not lack the resources to eradicate poverty, it lacks the right priorities.” Juan Somavia, Director General of the ILO