31 An Era of Social Change Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality QUIT 31 C H A P T E R An Era of Social Change CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE SECTION 1 Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality MAP GRAPH SECTION 2 Women Fight for Equality SECTION 3 Culture and Counterculture VISUAL SUMMARY

HOME 31 C H A P T E R An Era of Social Change CHAPTER OBJECTIVE To understand the sweeping social protest movements of the 1960s and the quest for radical change initiated by Latinos, Native Americans, women, and young people

31 An Era of Social Change I N T E R A C T HOME 31 C H A P T E R An Era of Social Change I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y In the late 1960s, a new breed of youth known as the counterculture rejects the fashions, traditions, and morals of American society. Minority groups assert their equal rights, demanding changes to longstanding practices and prejudices. Women protest forms of oppression and male privileges that have “always,” it seems, been taken for granted. Many Americans begin to feel as if the whole nation has been turned on its side. How much can a society change? Examine the Issues • Does every individual have a responsibility to follow the unwritten rules of society? • What are the positive and negative aspects of change?

31 An Era of Social Change The United States The World HOME TIME LINE C H A P T E R An Era of Social Change TIME LINE The United States The World 1962 Chinese forces invade India. 1962 César Chávez and Dolores Huerta found the National Farm Workers Association. 1963 Civil war breaks out between Greeks and Turks on Cyprus. 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson is elected president. 1966 National Organization for Women (NOW) is formed. 1967 Six-Day War between Israel and Arab nations. 1968 Richard M. Nixon is elected president. 1969 President Charles de Gaulle of France resigns. 1970 Political party La Raza Unida is formed. Grape boycott forces growers to sign contracts with United Farm Workers. 1970 Anwar el-Sadat becomes president of Egypt. 1972 Richard M. Nixon is reelected. 1972 Earthquake kills 10,000 in Nicaragua. 1973 Native Americans stage protest at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality S E C T I O N 1 Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality MAP HOME KEY IDEA The nation’s Latinos and Native Americans demand greater equality. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality S E C T I O N 1 Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality MAP HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Latinos and Native Americans confronted injustices in the 1960s. Campaigns for civil rights and economic justice won better representation and opportunity for Latinos and Native Americans. TERMS & NAMES • César Chávez • La Raza Unida • United Farm Workers Organizing Committee • American Indian Movement (AIM) ASSESSMENT

Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality S E C T I O N 1 Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Identify the broad similarities between the issues faced by Latinos and Native Americans during the 1960s, as well as the unique concerns of the two groups. Both Native Americans Poverty; victims of prejudice; high unemployment; great diversity in both groups; concerns over children’s education; pride in cultural heritage; second-class citizenship; political activism; militant factions Latinos Desire for greater assimilation Desire to remain outside mainstream society; greater autonomy continued . . .

Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality S E C T I O N 1 Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 2. How would you judge whether an activist organization was effective? List criteria you would use. Think About: • UFWOC, MAPA, and La Raza Unida • AIM • the leaders and activities of these organizations ANSWER Strong leadership; clear-cut mission and goals; ability to enlist outside support; well-orchestrated demonstrations; unity among members; success in working for legislative measures and reforms continued . . .

Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality S E C T I O N 1 Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 3. In what ways did the Latino campaign for economic and social equality affect non-Latino Americans? ANSWER UFWOC gains helped all farm laborers; bilingual education available to all non-native English speakers; establishment of Chicano studies programs at colleges and universities. continued . . .

Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality S E C T I O N 1 Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 4. Vine Deloria, Jr., said, “ When you get far enough away from the reservation, you can see it’s the urban man who has no identity.” What do you think he meant by this? ANSWER Unlike Native Americans living on reservations, people living in cities have lost their identity. End of Section 1

Women Fight for Equality S E C T I O N 2 Women Fight for Equality GRAPH HOME KEY IDEA A new feminist movement emerges during the 1960s, as women fight to improve their opportunities and status in society. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

Women Fight for Equality S E C T I O N 2 Women Fight for Equality GRAPH HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Through protests and marches, women confronted social and economic barriers in American society. The rise of the women’s movement during the 1960s advanced women’s place in the workforce and in society. TERMS & NAMES • Gloria Steinem • Phyllis Schlafly • National Organization for Women (NOW) • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • Betty Friedan • feminism ASSESSMENT

Women Fight for Equality S E C T I O N 2 GRAPH HOME Women Fight for Equality ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List five key events relating to the women’s movement. 1964 1973 Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Supreme Court’s ruling in Roe v. Wade legalizes abortion. 1966 1971 1972 National Organization for Women is formed. National Women’s Political Caucus is organized. Ms. is founded; Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and bans sex discrimination in federally assisted educational programs and activities. continued . . .

Women Fight for Equality S E C T I O N 2 Women Fight for Equality GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 2. What if the Equal Rights Amendment had been ratified? Speculate on how women’s lives might have been different. Think About: • rights addressed by the amendment • legal support that the amendment might have provided • possible reactions from groups opposing the amendment ANSWER Women might have won more sex-discrimination lawsuits; the “glass ceiling” phenomenon might have been less of a problem for professional women; ratification might have spurred a powerful male backlash; Phyllis Schlafly and other opponents of the ERA might have formed organizations to undermine the amendment. End of Section 2

Culture and Counterculture S E C T I O N 3 Culture and Counterculture HOME KEY IDEA Groups of disillusioned youths shun the social activism of the time and choose instead to “drop out” of society and establish their own way of life. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

Culture and Counterculture S E C T I O N 3 Culture and Counterculture HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The ideals and lifestyle of the counterculture challenged the traditional views of Americans. The music, art, and politics of the counterculture have left enduring marks on American society. TERMS & NAMES • counterculture • the Beatles • Haight-Ashbury • Woodstock ASSESSMENT

Culture and Counterculture S E C T I O N 3 Culture and Counterculture HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each category in the tree diagram, list examples of its relation to the counterculture. The Counterculture Lifestyle Beliefs Impact on Society Rejection of mainstream society’s materialism and technology; opposition to war; vision of a society filled with peace, love, and harmony Rock ‘n’ roll music; outrageous clothing; drug use; communal living Pop art; men’s and women’s fashions, especially blue jeans; rock ‘n’ roll music; conservative movement continued . . .

Culture and Counterculture S E C T I O N 3 Culture and Counterculture HOME ASSESSMENT 2. A stereotype is a generalization made about a group. What stereotype do you think hippies might have formed about mainstream Americans? What stereotype do you think mainstream Americans might have formed about hippies? Think About: • Alex Forman’s comments in “A Personal Voice” • hippies’ values and lifestyle • mainstream Americans’ values and lifestyle ANSWER Stereotypes of mainstream Americans—greedy and materialistic; old-fashioned and narrow-minded; insensitive and intolerant; pro-war and ultraconservative Stereotypes of hippies—flamboyant and shallow; lawless and immoral; self-absorbed and unrealistic; radical, violent, and disruptive continued . . .

Culture and Counterculture S E C T I O N 3 Culture and Counterculture HOME ASSESSMENT 3. In your opinion, why didn’t the hippies succeed? ANSWER Members of the movement thought they could live on love alone. They did not give any thought to the practicalities of life, like earning a living and having food to eat. In the end, thousands of hippies lined up at government offices to collect welfare and food stamps. continued . . .

Culture and Counterculture S E C T I O N 3 Culture and Counterculture HOME ASSESSMENT 4. What role did the counterculture and antiwar movement play in helping Richard Nixon win the presidency? ANSWER Frightened by the discontent in the country, mainstream society voted for Nixon, the candidate who they thought would restore order. End of Section 3