ERA OF SOCIAL CHANGE LATINOS & NATIVE AMERICANS CHAPTER 31, SECTION 1

VOCABULARY CESAR CHAVEZ CESAR CHAVEZ UNITED FARM WORKERS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE (U.F.W.O.C.) UNITED FARM WORKERS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE (U.F.W.O.C.) LA RAZA UNIDA LA RAZA UNIDA AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (A.I.M.) AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (A.I.M.)

MAJOR DATES 1966: U.F.W.O.C. FOUNDED 1966: U.F.W.O.C. FOUNDED 1968: 1968: CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT A.I.M. FOUNDED A.I.M. FOUNDED 1973: A.I.M. LEADS WOUNDED KNEE STANDOFF 1973: A.I.M. LEADS WOUNDED KNEE STANDOFF

AMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATION BACKGROUND: BACKGROUND: “LATIN” AMERICANS HAVE DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS: “LATIN” AMERICANS HAVE DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS: MEXICO MEXICO PUERTO RICO PUERTO RICO CUBA CUBA C. AMERICA C. AMERICA S. AMERICA S. AMERICA “LATINO” POPULATION HAS STEADILY GROWN IN U.S. “LATINO” POPULATION HAS STEADILY GROWN IN U.S. 1960’s: LATINO POPULATION GROWS FROM 3 TO 9+ MILLION 1960’s: LATINO POPULATION GROWS FROM 3 TO 9+ MILLION WHERE? SPECIFIC PARTS OF U.S. HAVE SEEN HIGHEST GROWTH; SEE GRAPH, P. 921 WHERE? SPECIFIC PARTS OF U.S. HAVE SEEN HIGHEST GROWTH; SEE GRAPH, P. 921 CITIES: L.A., NYC, MIAMI, CHICAGO CITIES: L.A., NYC, MIAMI, CHICAGO OTHER AREAS: SOUTHWESTERN U.S. OTHER AREAS: SOUTHWESTERN U.S. CA, AZ, NM, NV, TX CA, AZ, NM, NV, TX

AMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATION WHY? MANY REASONS WHY? MANY REASONS ECONOMIC: EX.: 1940s/50s: MEXICAN LABORERS, BRACEROS, COME TO WORK U.S. AGRICULTURE ECONOMIC: EX.: 1940s/50s: MEXICAN LABORERS, BRACEROS, COME TO WORK U.S. AGRICULTURE POLITICAL: EX.: CUBAN REVOLUTION FORCES MANY TO FLORIDA POLITICAL: EX.: CUBAN REVOLUTION FORCES MANY TO FLORIDA WAR/CHAOS: EX.: C. AMERICAN REFUGEES FROM DICTATORSHIPS / CIVIL WARS WAR/CHAOS: EX.: C. AMERICAN REFUGEES FROM DICTATORSHIPS / CIVIL WARS FAMILY: EX.: MEXICAN FAMILIES SETTLE IN U.S. BORDER STATES / CITIES FAMILY: EX.: MEXICAN FAMILIES SETTLE IN U.S. BORDER STATES / CITIES PROBLEMS? PROBLEMS? YES: YES: DIFFICULTY W/ LANGUAGE BARRIER DIFFICULTY W/ LANGUAGE BARRIER LACK OF TECHNICAL SKILLS / TRAINING LACK OF TECHNICAL SKILLS / TRAINING ETHNIC PREJUDICE ETHNIC PREJUDICE RESULT? UNEMPLOYMENT 50% HIGHER THAN WHITE AMERICANS RESULT? UNEMPLOYMENT 50% HIGHER THAN WHITE AMERICANS JOB OPPORTUNITIES OFTEN APPEAR IN LOWER PAYING OCCUPATIONS JOB OPPORTUNITIES OFTEN APPEAR IN LOWER PAYING OCCUPATIONS BARRIOS BECOME CULTURAL NEIGHBORHOODS BARRIOS BECOME CULTURAL NEIGHBORHOODS

AMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATION LATINO’S FIGHT FOR CHANGE: LATINO’S FIGHT FOR CHANGE: WHAT HAPPENS? WHAT HAPPENS? 1960’s: LATINOS DEMAND MORE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY & CULTURAL RESPECT 1960’s: LATINOS DEMAND MORE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY & CULTURAL RESPECT CESAR CHAVEZ & DOLORES HUERTA ESTABLISH THA NATIONAL FARM WORKERS UNION (1962) CESAR CHAVEZ & DOLORES HUERTA ESTABLISH THA NATIONAL FARM WORKERS UNION (1962) 1966: UNITED FARM WORKERS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE (U.F.W.O.C.) FOUNDED 1966: UNITED FARM WORKERS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE (U.F.W.O.C.) FOUNDED WHAT DO THEY WANT? WHAT DO THEY WANT? SOCIAL & ECONOMIC JUSTICE FOR FARM WORKERS SOCIAL & ECONOMIC JUSTICE FOR FARM WORKERS WANT U.F.W.O.C. TO BE THE BARGAINING AGENT FOR FARM WORKERS, ESPECIALLY IN THE S.W. WANT U.F.W.O.C. TO BE THE BARGAINING AGENT FOR FARM WORKERS, ESPECIALLY IN THE S.W. DID WHAT? DID WHAT? CHAVEZ BELIEVES IN NON-VIOLENT (LIKE MLK, Jr.) METHODS TO GET RESULTS CHAVEZ BELIEVES IN NON-VIOLENT (LIKE MLK, Jr.) METHODS TO GET RESULTS CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. ORGANIZE NATION-WIDE BOYCOTTS OF GRAPES & OTHER FARM PRODUCE CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. ORGANIZE NATION-WIDE BOYCOTTS OF GRAPES & OTHER FARM PRODUCE RESULTS? RESULTS? 1970: GRAPE GROWERS OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZE U.F.W.O.C. 1970: GRAPE GROWERS OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZE U.F.W.O.C. FARM WORKERS GET HIGHER WAGES & OTHER BENEFITS FARM WORKERS GET HIGHER WAGES & OTHER BENEFITS CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. BECOME POWERFUL REPRESENTATIVES OF THE LATINO COMMUNITY CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. BECOME POWERFUL REPRESENTATIVES OF THE LATINO COMMUNITY

Cesar Chavez & RFK Cesar Chavez Stamp Cesar Chavez & RFK Cesar Chavez Stamp

MIGRANT FARM WORKERS

OTHER CULTURAL EFFECTS CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. INFLUENCE OTHER LATINO GROUPS CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. INFLUENCE OTHER LATINO GROUPS PUERTO RICAN COMMUNITY IN N.Y. MAKE EDUCATION DEMANDS PUERTO RICAN COMMUNITY IN N.Y. MAKE EDUCATION DEMANDS EXAMPLES? EXAMPLES? BILINGUAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITY BILINGUAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITY LATINO CULTURE COURSES LATINO CULTURE COURSES RESULT? RESULT? 1968: CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT 1968: CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT ACT PROVIDES FUNDS FOR BILINGUAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS ACT PROVIDES FUNDS FOR BILINGUAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS OTHER CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS: OTHER CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS: “CHICANOS” : TERM USED BY MEXICAN-AMERICANS FOR THEMSELVES “CHICANOS” : TERM USED BY MEXICAN-AMERICANS FOR THEMSELVES MORE EDUCATIONAL DEMANDS AT HIGH SCHOOLS & UNIVERSITIES MORE EDUCATIONAL DEMANDS AT HIGH SCHOOLS & UNIVERSITIES

LATINOS & POLITICS LATINOS GET AND EXERCISE MORE POLITICAL POWER LATINOS GET AND EXERCISE MORE POLITICAL POWER WHEN? 1960’s WHEN? 1960’s HOW? LATINOS WORK TO WIN SUPPORT FOR LATINO ISSUES & CANDIDATES HOW? LATINOS WORK TO WIN SUPPORT FOR LATINO ISSUES & CANDIDATES EXAMPLES? EXAMPLES? MEXICAN AMERICAN POLITICAL ASSOCIATION (M.A.P.A.) MEXICAN AMERICAN POLITICAL ASSOCIATION (M.A.P.A.) DID WHAT? DID WHAT? SPONSORED CANDIDATES SPONSORED CANDIDATES 1961: HELPED GET 1 st LATINO, HENRY GONZALEZ (TX), ELECTED TO CONGRESS 1961: HELPED GET 1 st LATINO, HENRY GONZALEZ (TX), ELECTED TO CONGRESS REGISTERED VOTERS REGISTERED VOTERS LOBBIED FOR LEGISLATION THAT BENEFITS LATINOS LOBBIED FOR LEGISLATION THAT BENEFITS LATINOS LA RAZA UNIDA (THE UNITED PEOPLE PARTY) LA RAZA UNIDA (THE UNITED PEOPLE PARTY) DID WHAT? DID WHAT? WAS AN INDEPENDENT LATINO POLITICAL PARTY WAS AN INDEPENDENT LATINO POLITICAL PARTY RAN LATINO CANDIDATES FOR POLITICAL OFFICES RAN LATINO CANDIDATES FOR POLITICAL OFFICES

NATIVE AMERICAN ISSUES NATIVE AMERICANS HAVE WIDESPREAD DIVERSITY: NATIVE AMERICANS HAVE WIDESPREAD DIVERSITY: EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: IROQUOIS (EASTERN U.S.) IROQUOIS (EASTERN U.S.) CHEROKEE (SOUTHERN PLAINS) CHEROKEE (SOUTHERN PLAINS) SIOUX (NORTHERN PLAINS) SIOUX (NORTHERN PLAINS) NAVAJO (SOUTHWEST) NAVAJO (SOUTHWEST) NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCES EXIST BETWEEN GROUPS (LIKE LATINO POPULATION) NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCES EXIST BETWEEN GROUPS (LIKE LATINO POPULATION) PROBLEM? PROBLEM? MOST NATIVE AMERICANS SHARED A BLEAK EXISTENCE, REGARDLESS OF THEIR GROUP MOST NATIVE AMERICANS SHARED A BLEAK EXISTENCE, REGARDLESS OF THEIR GROUP 1960’s: MANY N.A. GROUPS BEGIN TO DEMAND BETTER TREATMENT & CONDITIONS 1960’s: MANY N.A. GROUPS BEGIN TO DEMAND BETTER TREATMENT & CONDITIONS

NATIVE AMERICAN ISSUES UNDER U.S. GOV’T., NATIVE AMERICANS EXPERIENCE MAJOR PROBLEMS: UNDER U.S. GOV’T., NATIVE AMERICANS EXPERIENCE MAJOR PROBLEMS: EXAMPLES? EXAMPLES? THE HIGHEST POVERTY RATE THE HIGHEST POVERTY RATE THE HIGHEST UNEMPLOYMENT RATE THE HIGHEST UNEMPLOYMENT RATE MOST LIKELY TO SUFFER SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS (ALCOHOLISM, TB, ETC.) MOST LIKELY TO SUFFER SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS (ALCOHOLISM, TB, ETC.) INFANT MORTALITY (2x NATIONAL AVERAGE) INFANT MORTALITY (2x NATIONAL AVERAGE) LOWER LIFE EXPECTANCY THAN AVERAGE AMERICANS LOWER LIFE EXPECTANCY THAN AVERAGE AMERICANS LOW EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT LOW EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EXTREMELY POOR LIVING CONDITIONS ON RESERVATIONS EXTREMELY POOR LIVING CONDITIONS ON RESERVATIONS MORE PROBLEMS: MORE PROBLEMS: 1953: TERMINATION POLICY: EISENHOWER and HOG ADMINISTRATION ATTEMPTS RELOCATIONOF N.A. INTO U.S. CITIES 1953: TERMINATION POLICY: EISENHOWER and HOG ADMINISTRATION ATTEMPTS RELOCATIONOF N.A. INTO U.S. CITIES COMPLETE FAILURE COMPLETE FAILURE

NATIVE AMERICAN OBJECTIVES WHAT DO THE N.A. WANT? WHAT DO THE N.A. WANT? DON’T WANT FORCED ASSIMILATION INTO U.S. SOCIETY DON’T WANT FORCED ASSIMILATION INTO U.S. SOCIETY DO WANT MORE ABILITY TO CONTROL THEIR OWN LIVES DO WANT MORE ABILITY TO CONTROL THEIR OWN LIVES DO WHAT? DO WHAT? 1961: CHICAGO: REPS. OF 67 N.A. NATIONS SIGN DECLARATION OF INDIAN PURPOSE 1961: CHICAGO: REPS. OF 67 N.A. NATIONS SIGN DECLARATION OF INDIAN PURPOSE DOES WHAT? DOES WHAT? CALLS FOR GREATER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ON RESERVATIONS CALLS FOR GREATER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ON RESERVATIONS END TO ASSIMILATION POLICIES END TO ASSIMILATION POLICIES EFFECT? EFFECT? 1965: LBJ’s GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAM ESTABLISHES NATIONAL COUNCIL ON INDIAN OPPORTUNITY 1965: LBJ’s GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAM ESTABLISHES NATIONAL COUNCIL ON INDIAN OPPORTUNITY COUNCIL IS U.S. GOV’T. AGENCY TASKED WITH ADDRESSING N.A. ISSUES COUNCIL IS U.S. GOV’T. AGENCY TASKED WITH ADDRESSING N.A. ISSUES

NATIVE AMERICAN PROTEST MANY N.A. ANGRY ABOUT SLOW PACE OF GOV’T. REFORM MANY N.A. ANGRY ABOUT SLOW PACE OF GOV’T. REFORM 1968: MINNEAPOLIS, MN.: AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (A.I.M.) FOUNDED 1968: MINNEAPOLIS, MN.: AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (A.I.M.) FOUNDED A.I.M.: PURPOSE? A.I.M.: PURPOSE? DEFENSE AGAINST POLICE BRUTALITY DEFENSE AGAINST POLICE BRUTALITY DEMANDING RESTORATION OF N.A. LANDS, BURIAL GROUNDS, FISHING & TIMBER RIGHTS DEMANDING RESTORATION OF N.A. LANDS, BURIAL GROUNDS, FISHING & TIMBER RIGHTS MORE RESPECT FOR N.A. CULTURE MORE RESPECT FOR N.A. CULTURE OTHER PROTEST GROUPS? OTHER PROTEST GROUPS? 1969: “INDIANS OF ALL TRIBES” SEIZE ALCATRAZ ISLAND (CA) 1969: “INDIANS OF ALL TRIBES” SEIZE ALCATRAZ ISLAND (CA) CLAIMED ISLAND WAS N.A. LAND BY RIGHT CLAIMED ISLAND WAS N.A. LAND BY RIGHT

A.I.M. LOGO A.I.M. LOGO A.I.M. FLAG A.I.M. FLAG

A.I.M. PROTESTS 2 MAJOR PROTESTS: 2 MAJOR PROTESTS: 1972: “TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES” 1972: “TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES” CALLED FOR RESTORATION OF 110 MIL. ACRES OF N.A. LAND TO N.A. TRIBES CALLED FOR RESTORATION OF 110 MIL. ACRES OF N.A. LAND TO N.A. TRIBES 1973: WOUNDED KNEE, S.D. 1973: WOUNDED KNEE, S.D. WHAT HAPPENED? WHAT HAPPENED? SIOUX PROTESTED LIVING CONDITIONS ON RESERVATIONS SIOUX PROTESTED LIVING CONDITIONS ON RESERVATIONS A.I.M. ACTIVISTS SEIZED THE TOWN, TOOK HOSTAGES A.I.M. ACTIVISTS SEIZED THE TOWN, TOOK HOSTAGES 10 WEEK STANDOFF 10 WEEK STANDOFF SHOOTOUT W/ FBI; 1 KILLED, 1 WOUNDED SHOOTOUT W/ FBI; 1 KILLED, 1 WOUNDED RESULT? GOV’T. PROMISES TO REEXAMINE N.A. RIGHTS RESULT? GOV’T. PROMISES TO REEXAMINE N.A. RIGHTS

WOUNDED KNEE, 1973 Native American Protesters Native American Protesters FBI & Police FBI & Police Sharpshooters Sharpshooters

RESULTS N.A. DID ACHIEVE SOME REFORMS N.A. DID ACHIEVE SOME REFORMS EXAMPLES? EXAMPLES? 1971: ALASKA NATIVE LANDS CLAIM SETTLEMENT 1971: ALASKA NATIVE LANDS CLAIM SETTLEMENT 40 MIL. ACRES GIVEN TO N.A. 40 MIL. ACRES GIVEN TO N.A. $962 MIL. PAID OUT TO N.A. PEOPLE IN CASH $962 MIL. PAID OUT TO N.A. PEOPLE IN CASH 1972: INDIAN EDUCATION ACT 1972: INDIAN EDUCATION ACT 1975: INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION & EDUCATION ASSISTANCE ACT 1975: INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION & EDUCATION ASSISTANCE ACT SO WHAT? N.A. GROUPS SLOWLY GAIN… SO WHAT? N.A. GROUPS SLOWLY GAIN… FINANCIAL COMPENSATION FOR PAST WRONGS FINANCIAL COMPENSATION FOR PAST WRONGS LEGAL RECOGNITION OF TRIBAL LANDS LEGAL RECOGNITION OF TRIBAL LANDS RESULTS? RESULTS? “BROWN POWER” LATINO MOVEMENTS GAIN POWER “BROWN POWER” LATINO MOVEMENTS GAIN POWER N.A. NATIONS GAIN MORE RIGHTS & OPPORTUNITY N.A. NATIONS GAIN MORE RIGHTS & OPPORTUNITY