Progress in the struggle for equality

Assess the amount of progress made by two groups in the period How successful were they in making gains in this period?

African Americans  Methods & leaders – Martin Luther King, Jr., Black Panthers, Freedom Rides – but don’t focus on these  Civil Rights Act of 1964 – forbade discrimination in the workplace or public accommodations based on race or sex  Voting Rights Act of 1965 – outlawed discriminatory voting practices  Civil Rights Act of 1968 – forbade discrimination in housing  Equal Employment Opportunities Commission – To investigate non-compliance  Affirmative action  Thurgood Marshall, 1 st African American Supreme Court justice

Asian Americans  Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 – lifted quotas, allowing more to emigrate from Asia  Anti-miscegenation laws overturned in 1967  San Francisco State ( ) and other strikes led to extension of Ethnic Studies and Asian Studies courses  Shared in gains from African American civil rights struggle (like the EEOC)

Latinos  Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta form United Farm Workers & join the Grape Boycott (1965)  Cuban American Adjustment Act (1966) offers Cubans the ability to become permanent residents  L.A. high school walkout results in school reform and increased college enrollment (1968)  Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund opens (1968)  Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974 makes bilingual education more widely available  Voting Rights Act expanded to require language assistance at polling stations (1975)

Native Americans  National Indian Youth Council formed to foster pride among young Native Americans (1961)  Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 required states to obtain tribal consent prior to extending any legal jurisdiction over an Indian reservation  American Indian Movement formed to pursue militant activism (1968)  1969 occupation of Alcatraz  Nixon delivered a speech calling for Indian self- determination (1970)  1972 BIA seige (“Trail of Broken Treaties”)  Indian Education Act (1972) authorized funding for special bilingual/bicultural programs  1973 Seizure of Wounded Knee led to government investigation of conditions on reservations  1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act called for Indian participation in services and programs for Indian communities

Women  Equal Pay Act (1963) outlawed wage discrimination based on gender  Feminine Mystique (1963) proposed alternatives to housewife status for women  Roe v. Wade (1973) and increased availability of birth control gave women greater reproductive control  Shared in gains from African American civil rights struggle (like the EEOC)

 Are there any connections between the groups?  Do any two have similar motives, backgrounds, or gains?  Which two made the greatest progress in this time period?

 1 st paragraph – ◦ Introduction – define terms introduce the time period ◦ thesis  2 nd Paragraph ◦ Transition sentence ◦ Topic ◦ Evidence to support claims ◦ transition  3 rd paragraph ◦ Same as paragraph 2  4 th paragraph ◦ transition ◦ Compare the oppositions ◦ Similarities /differences in groups or gains  5 th paragraph ◦ transition ◦ Conclusion ◦ Yes/but statements ◦ Confirm argument

 This is a must in writing – ◦ Keeps you focused on the topics – need to focus on one idea in each paragraph ◦ Without taking the time to organize your essay you could make the following mistakes: ◦ Leave out information from brainstorming ◦ Make too many generalizations ◦ Wander off topic

ALWAYS check your thesis Does it answer the question? Did you address all parts of the question in your thesis? Did you simply restate the question? Does it provide a structure for the rest of your essay?

 Introduction – define terms or time period ◦ From 1960 to 1975, social changes set the stage for significant progress in the struggle for equality. The Vietnam War affected the American public’s views concerning peace and equality. Many organizations planned and carried out protests that raised awareness of discrimination and inequality.  Simply starting your essay with a thesis can lead to confusion and indicate lack of knowledge of time period

From 1960 to 1975, social changes set the stage for significant progress in the struggle for equality. The Vietnam War affected the American public’s views concerning peace and equality. Many organizations planned and carried out protests that raised awareness of discrimination and inequality. African Americans and women benefited greatly as sympathetic government officials responded to these calls for change by passing new legislation granting greater political and social equality. Political and social equality had been demanded for centuries. African Americans, having achieved freedom, were still denied their rights. Similarly, women had been given greater access to roles in society since the beginning of the 20 th century, but many still did not acknowledge their rights.

 Thesis statements (and essays) addressed tactics and leaders, but not progress  Specifics from outside the prescribed time period (i.e., Rosa Parks, Brown v. Board of Education)  Lack of organization  No correlation between groups/movements – no connections  How can I improve?  Thesis test – Make sure you know what is being asked!  Support your essay with outside information  Make sure you have a clear understanding of time period  ORGANIZE your thoughts in pre-writing – create an outline!

 Never use first person in writing – you are writing about the past  Never use contractions in formal writing  Never use quotes – make inferences  Never use rhetorical questions  Never make generalizations you cannot defend  Never use simple language – use academic language of the course  Never use ( ) – either include it in your writing or not confusing to reader – shows indecisiveness  Avoid phrases – on the other hand, as seen in document B, the statement is true because, in conclusion  Avoid specific dates and numbers if you are not sure ◦ – in the early 1900s – mid 1900s or late 1900s ◦ Substantial, the minority, the majority, a small number  Avoid abbreviations without first giving definition or explanation ◦ MLK (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.), “AA” is not an acceptable abbreviation for African Americans  Avoid FLUFF – stick to the facts that support main idea – BE SPECIFIC ◦ write lean, logical, precise