Exploration and Expansion

Essential Questions What factors contributed to the Europeans entrance into their age of discovery and expansion? What factors contributed to the Europeans entrance into their age of discovery and expansion? What were the general consequences of European expansion? What were the general consequences of European expansion?

Technology Compass (China) Compass (China) Astrolabe (Arabs) Astrolabe (Arabs) Cartography (Ptolemy & Byzantine & Arabs) – latitude and longitude Cartography (Ptolemy & Byzantine & Arabs) – latitude and longitude Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs) Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs) Gunpowder (China) Gunpowder (China) Multiple masts Multiple masts

Reasons for Expansion Trade with Asia Trade with Asia Marco Polo Spices Cut off by Arab empires Economic and political expansion Economic and political expansion Three G’s Three G’s Gold - Wealth Glory – Power/Empire God - Christianity

Portuguese Traveled down coast of Africa (Gold Coast) and over to India (spices) Traveled down coast of Africa (Gold Coast) and over to India (spices) Prince Henry the Navigator – 1419, established a school for sailors Prince Henry the Navigator – 1419, established a school for sailors Bartholomew Diaz – 1487, Cape of Good Hope Bartholomew Diaz – 1487, Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama – 1498, around Africa to India Vasco da Gama – 1498, around Africa to India

Spanish Columbus (1492) Columbus (1492) Convinced Queen Isabella to support his journeyConvinced Queen Isabella to support his journey Landed on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and CubaLanded on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and Cuba Called natives “Indians”Called natives “Indians” Never realized he wasn’t in AsiaNever realized he wasn’t in Asia Amerigo Vespucci – suggested Columbus found the “New World” (Amerigo = America)Amerigo Vespucci – suggested Columbus found the “New World” (Amerigo = America) Magellan Magellan 1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain Sailed around S. America (Straight of Magellan)Sailed around S. America (Straight of Magellan) Named and crossed the Pacific OceanNamed and crossed the Pacific Ocean Killed in the PhilippinesKilled in the Philippines Del Cano led ship that circumnavigated the worldDel Cano led ship that circumnavigated the world

Dividing the New World Spain and Portugal each claimed Spain and Portugal each claimed Turned to Pope for help Turned to Pope for help 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas splits new territory 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas splits new territory Brazil = Portuguese Brazil = Portuguese Rest of South America = Spanish Rest of South America = Spanish

Spanish Empire Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange Europe Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet potatoes, beansEurope Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet potatoes, beans Americas Received – horses, cows, pigs, sugar; ultimately disease (small pox)Americas Received – horses, cows, pigs, sugar; ultimately disease (small pox) Conquistadors Conquistadors Cortes – took over Aztecs in MexicoCortes – took over Aztecs in Mexico Pizarro – took over Incas in PeruPizarro – took over Incas in Peru Encomienda Encomienda Indians became slaves controlled by SpanishIndians became slaves controlled by Spanish Indians were converted to CatholicismIndians were converted to Catholicism Bartolome de las Casas –monk; helped IndiansBartolome de las Casas –monk; helped Indians

European Rivals Dutch (Netherlands) Dutch (Netherlands) Trading company in India Henry Hudson (1621) – claimed New Amsterdam on the Hudson River French French Looked for the Northwest Passage through America Da Verrazano, Cartier (Montreal), Champlain (Quebec) Fur trade w/Indians English English John Cabot Francis Drake - first Englishman to circumnavigate; raided Spanish ships Jamestown – John Smith – 1 st perm. Engl. Settlement (1607)

English New England settled by Pilgrims (Plymouth) and Puritans (Mass. Bay) New England settled by Pilgrims (Plymouth) and Puritans (Mass. Bay) Religious freedom Religious freedom Felt Anglican Church needed reforms Felt Anglican Church needed reforms Pilgrims – Mayflower Pilgrims – Mayflower Mayflower Compact – self- government; important document in US History Mayflower Compact – self- government; important document in US History

New Economic Systems Joint Stock Companies (like corporations, investments) invested in colonies for profit Joint Stock Companies (like corporations, investments) invested in colonies for profit Rise of Capitalism – means of production are privately owned; supply and demand Rise of Capitalism – means of production are privately owned; supply and demand Mercantalism – mother country benefits from colonies by exporting more than they import; gain large amounts of gold/wealth Mercantalism – mother country benefits from colonies by exporting more than they import; gain large amounts of gold/wealth Triangular Trade – Europe, Africa, Americas; key product: slaves Triangular Trade – Europe, Africa, Americas; key product: slaves

Slave Trade Slavery not new to Africa Slavery not new to Africa Sent to Middle East for domestic work Sugarcane (Portuguese) Sugarcane (Portuguese) Changed slavery for Europeans Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil Grew fast Grew fast 16 th century – about 275, th century – over 1 million 18 th century – over 6 million African slave traders controlled slave trade African slave traders controlled slave trade Middle Passage Middle Passage Destroyed traditional African societies as demand for slaves increased Destroyed traditional African societies as demand for slaves increased

Middle Passage

Results of Expansion In Europe In Europe Economically successfulEconomically successful Created rivalries as countries fought over coloniesCreated rivalries as countries fought over colonies In Asia In Asia Increased trade with EuropeIncreased trade with Europe Beginning of “Western dominance”Beginning of “Western dominance” In Africa In Africa Dramatic increase of slave tradeDramatic increase of slave trade European influence in the coastal areasEuropean influence in the coastal areas In the Americas In the Americas Destroyed native populationDestroyed native population Began European dominance (Spanish)Began European dominance (Spanish)