1) President Thomas Jefferson was intent on destroying Native Americans to open up land for white settlers.   2) In the early 1800s, the merchant marine was one of the weakest sectors of the American economy. 3) In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court disallowed the authority of the federal courts to overturn state laws. 4) The War of 1812 proved to be an enormous military victory for the United States. 5) The Hartford Convention proved to be a political disaster for New England Federalists.

Madison’s Presidency Madison replaces Jefferson, inherits troubles with England & France Non-intercourse Act of 1809 expiring, tried to play France and GB against each other with Macon’s Bill no. 2. Napoleon calls Madison’s bluff, non-importation dropped against France, sustained against GB US getting pulled into war with GB

Second War for Independence: War of 1812 A Bad Idea, Poorly Executed America has no army, no navy New England (maritime states) oppose the war British and Canadians are ready to fight Americans have no strategy for Canada (forget the lessons of Montreal in the Fr. & Indian War) 1813 American invasions of Canada fail

Western War Hawks 1811: Twelfth Congress moves toward war Henry Clay of Kentucky is Speaker of the House Western Reps call for “Free Trade and Sailor’s Rights,” eagerly eye “free land” in British Canada See British support for Indian threat on Frontier

Tecumseh and the Prophet Settlers pushing into Kentucky violate sacred hunting grounds of many tribes Tecumseh and the Prophet create a pan-Indian alliance Revitalize Indian culture and ways Refuse to negotiate or recognize land deals Gen. William Henry Harrison destroys Tippecanoe Nov. 7, 1811 Allies with British in War of 1812 Tecumseh killed at Battle of Thames, 1813 Andrew Jackson defeats Creeks at Battle of Horseshoe Bend Indian alliance collapses without Tecumseh

WAR!!! War Hawks engineer vote for war, 79 to 49 in House, 19 to 13 in Senate Vote shows growing sectionalism (p. 229) IRONY: London repealed Orders in Council 2 days before war vote New England violently opposed to war with England - Secession is a real threat. US enters the war unnecessarily and un-united

What were the risks and challenges facing the US during the war of 1812?

Map: Major Campaigns of the War of 1812 The land war centered on the U.S.-Canadian border, the Chesapeake Bay, and the Louisiana and Mississippi Territories. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The US Invasions of Canada 1812: US intends 3 prong coordinated attack at Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain. What can go wrong, DOES. RESULT: US looses many forts on Great Lakes. 1813: Oliver Hazard Perry delivers stunning naval victory on Lake Eire. “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” Victory changes tide of war in Northwest Territories. 1814: US goes on defensive as British troops flow from Europe following fall of Napoleon. Britain threatens to invade NY down Hudson. 9/11/1814 Battle near Plattsburgh. Americans slug it out with British. (Comm. McDonough wins with cable ploy.) These naval victories save US from either defeat or SECESSION!!!

http://library.thinkquest.org/22916/ex1812.html

Battle for Lake Erie “In short, our victory was due to our heavy metal.” -Theodore Roosevelt Perry has more ships and more carronades –so he needs to get close and fight ship to ship. His second and command, inexplicably, fails to engage. Perry’s flagship is destroyed and he rows, under heavy fire to a second, smaller ship. He continues the fight and the British surrender. This puts all the British forts along the Great Lakes in peril.

http://reed.senate.gov/images/rhodeisland/erie_b.gif

http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/erie/page1.asp?secid=31

Oliver Hazard Perry has some success on Lake Erie British forced to withdraw from Detroit, leading to Battle of the Thames Oct. 1813 British return in 1814, with 4,000 troops Washington DC is burned August 1814 Baltimore is attacked next, important port for privateers Ft. McHenry holds, “Star Spangled Banner”

http://library.thinkquest.org/22916/ex1812.html

Washington Burns Aug 1814: 4000 British marines arrive with naval flotilla in Chesapeake Bay. US forces routed at Bladensburgh. Aug 24, 1814: The Capitol is burned; Madison and federal government on the run. British next attack Baltimore. WHY???

Battle of Baltimore, http://www.historycentral.com/1812/baltimore.html

Battle for Baltimore 9/12/1814: British first attack overland from North Point (near Key Bridge today). MD militia successfully delays British marines. Col. Ross, their commander is “shot off his horse by two Baltimore teenagers (Henry McComas and Daniel Wells.” http://www.pattersonpark.com/Park%20Information/rodgersbastion.html British withdraw. 9/13/1814: 2nd attempt: Battle for Hampstead Hill and try again. Commodore John Rodgers, USN led 12,000 men in fighting off British, using 100 cannon on site of Pagoda in Patterson Park today. British Navy held at bay by Ft. McHenry and chained and sunken ships in inner harbor. British give up and retreat. “Star Spangled Banner”

A hero emerges…. Andrew Jackson leads Kentucky and Tennessee militia, along with Indian allies, in Southern Campaign. Wins Battle of Horseshoe Bend Wins Battle of New Orleans on Jan 8, 1815 against 8000 veteran British troops with hodgepodge force of free blacks, militia, pirates, sailors, Spaniards, and Frenchmen. 2000 British soldiers die in 30 minutes. US casualties are 70.

Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans, artist unknown Jackson wins Battle of Horseshoe Bend against the Creek Next fights The Battle of New Orleans, last campaign of war The battle made Andrew Jackson a national hero, esp. in West and on the frontier.

Treaty of Fort Jackson imposed on Creek nation by Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson imposed the Treaty of Fort Jackson on the Creek nation, ending the campaign against the Red Sticks. The treaty required the Creeks to pay the costs of the war, which Jackson estimated as the equivalent of 20 million acres. In moving the Creeks out of what is now central Alabama, Jackson initiated the Indians' forced removal from the south. Ironically, of the thirty-five chiefs who made their mark on the treaty, part of which is shown here, only one was a member of the Creek nation. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Old Ironsides http://www.ussconstitution.navy.mil/VirtualTour.htm COMPARATIVE FORCE. Tons. Guns. Broad-side. Men. Loss. Constitution 1576 27 684 456 14 Guerrière 1338 25 556 272 79 http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~beej/constguerr.html The British commander should not have engaged. He was at a disadvantage. The loss of the Guerriere to the Constitution was a huge humiliation to Britain. In the last two decades the British had NEVER lost as ship. This, probably more than any other battle, cemented the US as a world power because it could now project power beyond its borders. http://www.ussconstitution.navy.mil/VirtualTour.htm

War at Sea SUMMARY: Americans win the battles, But lose the war at sea Americans fight better ship for ship American ships are stronger, crews better, handled better by captains YET, British superiority in sheer #’s allow for a blockade that strangles American shipping, fishing, even banking (no customs or tariffs collected)

Treaty of Ghent, 1814 SAD IRONY: Signed 2 weeks before Battle for New Orleans ORCHESTRATED by Tsar Alexander I, Russia b/c of Napoleon’s advances, needs England out of war w/ US ENVOYS include Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams NEGOTIATED IN IGNORANCE by both sides. English think they are winning the war, demand the Great Lakes region and Maine as concessions from US. News of Battles in NY and Baltimore, along with events in Europe, pressure GB to come to terms. MYTH: Americans credit Battle of New Orleans with winning the war. TRUTH: More like a draw.

Hartford Convention http://loc.harpweek.com/LCPoliticalCartoons/DisplayCartoonLarge.asp?MaxID=&UniqueID=12&Year=1814&YearMark=

Hartford Convention New England opposed to war with England; secretly trades with Canada and smuggles “Blue Light” Federalists accused of aiding enemy Some Federalists threaten secession Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont send delegates to Hartford. 1. demand compensation for lost trade from fed. Govt. 2. amend Const. & require 2/3 vote for future embargoes Delegations demands arrive in DC at same time as news from New Orleans – END OF FEDERALISTS POWER

Election of 1812 James Madison, Dem-Rep De Witt Clinton, Fed Election of 1816 James Monroe, Dem-Rep Rufus King, Fed

OUTCOMES OF THE WAR OF 1812 What were the short term consequences of the war? 6000 casualties, republic survived, sectionalism declined, tense border with Canada, bitterness toward England What were the long term consequences of the war? Federalists decline, manufacturing grows, US Navy gets respect, Jackson and Harrison become presidents “Should” the US have “won”?

War of 1812 - The Scorecard 6,000 Americans killed or wounded New respect for America abroad Sectionalism and Federalist Party defunct Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison heroes Revives antagonism with Britain Hostile border with Canada