014 Coral Reefs.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
All contain nematocysts-stinging structures
Advertisements

Sponges Cnidarians Ctenophores
“Lower” Invertebrates I: Sponges & Radiata
Porifera: Very Simple Animals...(?)
Phylum Cnidaria Anemones, Corals, Hydroids and Jellies
Coral Reefs!.  Phylum Cnidaria and the class Anthozoa  There are over 800 known Hermatipic species ◦ Hermatipic- reef building  Coral reefs are the.
THE CHEMISTRY OF CORAL BLEACHING. WHAT IS A CORAL? CORALS ARE MARINE INVERTEBRATES (ANIMALS) THEY CAN TAKE MANY SHAPES! THEY USUALLY LIVE IN COLONIES.
The Not-So-Secret Sex Lives of Scleractinian Corals.
REPRODUCTION IN CORALS. Life history -sequence of developmental stages from birth to death Growth, Reproduction, Senescence, Mortality.
What is coral? It’s a living organism! It is an invertebrate 2 different types:  Reef Building: Hermatypic  Solitary: Ahermatypic Coral is cousins to.
Hawaii Coral ID.
Coral Grade 5 Unit 1. Topics to be Covered… What is coral? How is coral classified? Coral biology Coral identification Coral conservation.
Corals, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish - Aquatic Stinging Nettles
Coral reef by Lyxchel Cummings.  109 countries have Coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest Coral formation in the planet, it is located in.
Tree of Life The tree of life according to Ernst Haeckel, 1891.
The Coral Reef Ecosystem Coral Polyps & Zooxanthellae Zooxanthellae are dinoflagellates that live symbiotically within the corals. Zooxanthellae are.
Marine Invertebrate Zoology
Marine Ecology Coral reefs.
Hawaii Coral Identification. Stony Corals- hermatypic Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Subclass Hexacorallia Subclass Hexacorallia Order Scleractinia Family.
Coral Reef Zonation. Disclaimer The terms used to identify different reef zones are not based upon a uniform agreement among reef scientists. There are.
Marine Ecology Coral reefs. Global distribution of coral reefs.
Hawaii Coral ID. Phylum Cnideria Class Hydrozoa-hydroids Class Scyphozoa- jellyfish Class Cubozoa- box jellies and sea wasps Class Anthozoa Subclass Hexacorallia-
Cnidarian Diversity. Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Cubozoa Corals Anemones Hydra Portuguese Man-Of-War Stinging.
By: Cristina Ortiz & Angie Sevilla Cnidarians are part of the Phylum Cnidaria They are carnivorous animals that contain stinging tentacles Stinging cells.
THE CORAL REEFS THE CORAL REEFS BENEFITS FUNCTIONS THREATS SOLUTIONS.
Phylum Cnidaria A. 2 body forms 1. Medusa: jellyfish a. motile
What do these animals have in common?.
Chapter 26-3 Cnidarians by us three :).
Features of a Coral Polyp Grade 3 Unit 3 Lesson 2.
“The Forests of the Sea” Fringe 1/6 th of the world’s coastlines Largest reef is the Great Barrier Reef in Australia (2000km or 1200mi) Member of the.
The Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Porifera: Sponges have  specialized cells but no tissues; no symmetry –Sponges are the most  primitive animals on Earth 570 million year old fossils.
Phylum Cnidaria.
Cnidarians Jellyfish, Hydra, Corals, Sea Anemones, Sea Fans and Sea Pens.
Phylum Cnidaria.
CNIDARIANS. What makes Cnidarians Unique? Cnidarians are group of animals that are very diverse from stony coral to jellyfish. What common thread keeps.
Phylum Cnidaria stinging-celled animals Jellyfishes, corals, anemones Radial symmetry Two tissue layers with inner mesoglea Primitive nerve net but no.
Figure CO 7. Simple, multicellular animals No organs or true tissues Asymmetrical Filter feeders.
Coral Reefs Marine Biology Unit #9.
Environmental Factors Affecting Corals Water Motion Depth: photic vs aphotic zone & water motion Sedimentation Salinity: o / oo Temperature:
Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
 Invertebrate marine animal  A polyp that begins to form an exoskeleton ◦ CO 2 & Ca in the water to make calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) aka limestone 
Phylum Cnidaria.
Coral Reefs Coral reefs are similar to rain forests in that they are complex and diverse.
Phylum Cnidaria jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, coraljellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, coral.
End Show Slide 1 of 47 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 15 Animals of the Benthic Environment Rocky and sandy shores Coral Reef Deep Sea.
Ch Phylum CNIDARIA hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, and coral Found all over the world Can live individually or in colonies.
SPONGES PORIFERA. I was part of the Cambrian explosion!
Cnidarians Phylum Cnidaria: “stinging cell” Hollow gut- (coel)
KINGDOM ANIMALIA Phylum Cnidaria
Pg. 76 RTW: What is an advantage & disadvantage of clumped dispersion?
Phylum Cnidaria Unit 3.2.
Cnidarians Phylum Cnidaria: “stinging cell” Hollow gut- (coel)
Coral Reefs.
Essential Question: What is a cnidarian?
BENEFITS FUNCTIONS THREATS SOLUTIONS
KINGDOM ANIMALIA Phylum Cnidaria
KINGDOM ANIMALIA Phylum Cnidaria
Quick Sponge Quiz How do sponges differ from other animals? How do they feed, respire, and eliminate wastes? Sponges: do not have a mouth or digestive.
Lectures 14-15: Coral reefs
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cnidarian Diversity.
Phylum Cnidaria: Radial Symmetry.
Phylum Cnidaria.
Phylum Porifera Sponges Phylum Cnidaria  Jellyfish, corals .....
Cnidarian Diversity.
Cnidarian Diversity.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA Phylum Cnidaria
KINGDOM ANIMALIA Phylum Cnidaria
Presentation transcript:

014 Coral Reefs

Coral Reef Biology

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnideria Class Hydrozoa- hydroids Class Scyphozoa- jellies Class Cubozoa- box jellies Class Anthozoa- corals and anemones

The Cnidarian Life Cycle The Hydrozoan Life Cycle

Class Hydrozoa Hydrozoan Colony

Hydrozoan Colonies “Stinging Limu”

Fire Coral

By-the-Wind-Sailor A Floating Colony of Polyps

Man-of-War Phylum Cnidaria Coloniality Man-of-War Phylum Cnidaria

Close Up of a Portuguese Man-Of-War

Class Scyphozoa

Class Cubozoa Box Jellies & Sea Wasps

Corals: true stony corals and octocorals Class Anthozoa Sea Anemones & Corals: true stony corals and octocorals

Sea Anemones

Sea Anemone Anatomy

Hermatypic corals: possess zooxanthellae are reef builders Light: Clear water Warm temperature: 18-32oC Low nutrients Low productivity in water Ahermatypic corals: no zooxanthellae rely on tentacular feeding can live in aphotic zone

Distribution of Coral Reef Communities

Hawaiian Coral Zonation 0 m High light levels Moderate wave energy 6 m Cauliflower coral (Pocillopora meandrina) Moderate light levels Occasional storm wave energy Lobe coral (Porites lobata) 13 m Low light levels Low wave energy Finger coral (Porites compressa) 25 m Very low light, Primarily downwelling No wave energy Plate coral (Porites rus)

“True” Stony Corals

“True” Stony Corals Hermatypic- reef building, zooxanthellae Common species: Acroporidae- table Acroporidea- rice Agariciidae- flat lobe, corregated Faviidae- crust, ocellated Fungiidae- humpback, mushroom Pocilloporidae- lace, antler, cauliflower Poritidae- finger, lobe, plate

Family Pocilloporidae Lace coral, antler coral, and cauliflower coral Pocillopora damicornis antler cauliflower Pocillopora eydouxi Pocillopora meaandrina

Table coral, rice coral and spreading coral Family Acroporidae Table coral, rice coral and spreading coral rice coral Montipora patula Montipora flabellata table Acropora cytheria Montipora capitata

Family Poritidae Finger coral, lobe coral, Evermann’s coral, plate and pillar coral Porites evermanni Porites lobata Porites rus Porites compressa

flat lobe coral, corrugated coral Family Agariciidae flat lobe coral, corrugated coral corrugated Flat lobe Pavona duerdeni Pavona varians

Humpback coral, mushroom coral Family Fungiidae Humpback coral, mushroom coral mushroom Fungia scutaria

Family Faviidae crust coral, ocellated coral Leptastrea bottae Cyphastrae ocellina Leptastrea purpurea

A Solitary Coral Polyp

Colonial Coral Polyps

Zooxanthellae in Gastrodermal Cells of Corals

Zooxanthellae: Symbiodinium microadriacticum

Ahermatypic Corals Octocorals, wire corals, black corals, sea pens Both hard and soft forms exist non reef-building no photosynthesis

Ahermatypic Corals

Heterotrophic Nutrition General feeding modes: predaceous carnivores capturing live prey detritus feeding absorption of dissolved organic matter from surrounding water

Nematocyst Discharge

Autotrophic Nutrition Photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2

Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp

Benefits to the Algal Symbiont Zooxanthellae gets a place to live Receive chemical wastes from animal metabolism (CO2 & NH3). Surrounding animal tissues can concentration substantial amounts of ultraviolet light absorbing compounds.

Benefits to the Coral Host Higher rates of calcification (skeleton deposition). Receive DOM & O2 Removal of chemical wastes from animal metabolism (CO2 & NH3). Receive chemicals that absorb damaging ultraviolet light (Micosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)).

Asexual Reproduction budding and fission accidental fragmentation nonaccidental fragmentation partial colony mortality polyp bail-out

Budding Polyp within calyx

Fission Polyp within calyx

Accidental Fragmentation Wave Damage

Nonaccidental Fragmentation Radial Division in Cycloseris fragilis

Nonaccidental Fragmentation Transverse Division in Fungia scutaria anthocyathus anthocaulus

Nonaccidental Fragmentation Transverse Division in Fungia scutaria stalk regenerates new disk

Partial Colony Mortality The Phoenix Effect in Porites compressa Cut surface of a broken finger showing living tissue beneath the surface of the skeleton P. Jokiel Normal colony next to a colony exposed to freshwater

Polyp Bail-Out D. Gulko

zygote planula larvae egg sperm Sexual Reproduction

Planula Larvae

Sexual Reproduction Hermaphroditic vs gonochoric Broadcast spawning vs brooding

Sexuality Hermaphroditism: sexes in same individual Gonochoric: separate sexes Acropora sp., a hermaphoditic coral Fungia scutaria, a gonochoric coral eggs egg cloud sperm packet

Brooding Versus Broadcast Spawning eggs develop to planula stage in gastrovascular cavity of parent polyp Broadcast Spawning eggs and sperm are shed into the water column where fertilization and development occurs D. Gulko released gametes planula in polyp Pocillopora damicornis, a brooder broadcast spawner

Environmental Factors Affecting Corals Water Motion Depth: photic vs aphotic zone & water motion Sedimentation Salinity: 32-35o/oo Temperature: 18-32 oC Tidal fluctuations Nutrients: Eutrophic vs oligotrophic

Hanauma Bay Mamala Bay Kaneohe Sunset Beach

Coral reefs presently exist on every island and shallow bank in the Hawaiian chain Fringing Reef- 100-1000 years to form youngest is on west coast of Hawaii Barrier Reef- 2.5 ma to form Kaneohe & Moanalu Bay Atoll- 10 ma to form first atoll French Frigate Shoals, dated 11.7 mya

Hawaiian Island Chain Coral reef growth limited by: wave exposure sea level Sheltered sites: Hanauma Bay and Kaneohe Bay Reef accretion ~ 2mm/yr Wave exposed sites: Mamala Bay and Sunset Beach Reef accretion ~ 0 mm/yr shallow (1m) and deep (12m)

Environmental Factors Affecting Corals Water Motion Depth: photic vs aphotic zone & water motion Sedimentation Salinity: 32-35o/oo Temperature: 18-32 oC Tidal fluctuations Nutrients: Eutrophic vs oligotrophic

Oligotrophic vs Eutrophic                                        

Reef Critters coralivore

Coral Reefs: Threats Starfish: “crown of thorns” (why?) Coral is a source of building materials Pollution: particles in the water

Aquarium/Souvenir Trade Overfishing Pollution Dredging Human impacts on coral includes: Aquarium/Souvenir Trade Overfishing Pollution Dredging Coastal Development Tourism Global Climate Change Ozone Depletion

Coral Reefs: Human Impact Worldwide disappearance Fishing with explosives Waste oil dumping Sediments Philippines: 75% of the reefs damaged

Dynamiting Reef

Destructive Resource Extraction Practices

Toxic Chemical Spills

Sediment Plume Entering the Ocean

Corals Smothered in Sediment

Dredging

Coastal Development

Anchor Damage

Diver Damage

Ecotourism Pennekamp Reef, Key Largo, FL

Net Damage

Net Entanglement                                                                                                                     

Overfishing and Bycatch

Ornamental Trade: Fan worm Threadfin Butterfly fish

Introduced Species Acanthophora, Eucheuma, & Gracillaria

Feeding Fish

Hanauma Bay

Kaneohe Bay and Bubble algae

Nutrients and Algae Growth Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

Bleaching

Global Bleaching (2002) none low moderate severe severity unknown

Acid Rain in Marine Environment reduces ability of marine organisms to utilize calcium carbonate Coral calcification rate reduced 15-20% Skeletal density decreased, branches thinner

Sea Level Rise