POWER PROJECTION & TECH REVOLUTION Sea Power & Maritime Affairs Lesson 4

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Last Class Navy in the Napoleonic Era, – Re-establishment of Navy & USMC – 1 st Barbary War – Anglo-French “Napoleonic” Wars – War of 1812

Today Post War of 1812 ( )  Commercial & geographic expansion  Navy’s role in expansion  Mexican-American War  Revolution in Navy technology – Steam propulsion, gunnery, artillery  Navy reorganization & modernization

8 Key Themes 1.Navy as an instrument of foreign policy 2.Interaction between Congress and Navy 3.Interservice relations 4.Technology 5.Leadership 6.Strategy & Tactics 7.Evolution of US Naval Doctrine 8.Future missions of Navy and USMC

Commercial Expansion Navy’s Role – Protect citizens and commercial interests Areas of commercial expansion & protection – Caribbean Trade 2 nd only to British – Central and South America Accessory Transit Company – Cornelius Vanderbilt – Panamanian Isthmus – American “Filibusters” (William Walker, Nicaragua) – Pacific & Far East Spice trade Whaling

New Commercial Treaties Many diplomatic treaties, with similar objectives: – Safe Haven for shipwrecked – Trade Rights – Coaling Stations Examples – Treaty with Thailand - (1833) – Treaty with Sultan of Muscat (Oman) - (1833) – Treaty of Wangxia (China) - (1844) – Clayton-Bulwer Treaty - (1850) US and GB had competing rights and interests in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Columbia – Treaty with GB over Panama Canal Freedom of movement

Perry Opens Trade with Japan   Bay of Edo (Tokyo) – First time a foreign navy had been in this sacred Bay of Edo. – First time Japanese had ever seen a steam ship. – Letter from the President to the Emperor. – Leaves letter with high ranking official and leaves.  Returns 10 months later – Perry carried on “Sedan Chair” – Brings gifts Including a model steam train that travels 20 mph. Matthew C. Perry COMMO, USN

Matthew C. Perry in Japan

Perry Opens Trade with Japan Treaty of Kanagawa 1.Safe-haven for shipwrecked 2.Coaling station 3.Permanent American Consul No trade relationship, American Consul is able to negotiate open trade within two years.

Geographic Expansion “Manifest Destiny” – Louisiana Purchase (1803) Napoleon needed money to fund war in Europe Sold for $15,000,000 (roughly 3 cents per acre) – Transcontinental Treaty (1819) with Spain Acquired Florida – Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) 49 th Parallel Boarder of Canada Oregon now US territory

Geographic Expansion  North-Western Territory – Continual dispute with Great Britain and later Russia  Texas Annexation (1845)  Mexican-American War (1846) – California, Nuevo Mexico (Arizona and New Mexico), and Rio Grande as boarder

Expansion of International Influence Monroe Doctrine (1823) – European countries meddling in western hemispheric politics. Tsar of Russia claimed Alaska to CA Central and South American Colonial Revolutions – Power vacuum with Spain overthrown – Germany looking for overseas colonies – Doctrine Stated: 1.Americas off-limits to further European colonization 2.Move in response to independence movements in Americas US asserting its strength in the Americas.

Expansion of International Influence Tyler Doctrine (1842) – Treaty of Friendship with Hawaii (1826) – “Any colonization of Hawaii would be a violation of US national interests”

Science & Technology 1.Sail to Steam 2.Wood to Iron 3.Solid Shot to Shell 4.Better Cannon

Exploration  Age of Charles Darwin – Voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831) – The Origin of Species (1859)  American Naval Contribution 1.Charting the World 2.Charting the Oceans 3.Supporting Government- sponsored Exploration

US Navy Charting the World Wilkes Expedition ( ) – LT Charles Wilkes – 4-year Navy expedition around the world Discovered Antarctica (1839) South Pacific Islands and Pacific Rim – 85,000 miles sailed – 280 islands charted – 1,500 miles of Antarctica mapped – His collections became basis for Smithsonian

Wilkes Expedition ( )

US Navy Charting the World  Arctic Exploration – Numerous  Amazon River Expedition – 1851 – CDR William Lewis Herndon – Peru to Brazil  Northwest Exploring Expedition – – Seattle to China

US Navy Charting the Oceans  Matthew F. Maury: – “Pathfinder of the Seas” – Studied ocean currents – Cut 4-days of voyage from NY to San Francisco

Major Players CAPT Matthew C. Perry CAPT Robert Stockton Father of the US Steam Navy Organized 1 st corps of Naval Engineers

Major Players ADM John Dahlgren John Ericcson Father of Modern Naval Ordnance

Age of Steam Robert Fulton  Demologos – War of 1812 – Blockade Runner  Design – Paddle wheel – 5-ft walls  Never saw action  Destroyed in fire  No more until 1830s

Sail to Steam Why so slow to implement? – Expensive – Inefficient Bad for sailing & cruising Overseas coaling stations – Less broadside – Dangerous in battle – Steaming dirty – Refueling dirty and time consuming – Sailors & officers did not like it Standing Order: Ships required to use sail power except in battle.

Cruise of the Susquehanna

Why did steam prevail over sail? Screw Propulsion – Ericsson & Stockton – 1 st Screw Propulsion in 1842 – USS Princeton Why was it revolutionary? – Faster – Mechanics under water Unlikely to be damaged More cannon

Guns  No major change since 1600’s Major changes (1840’s) – Stronger guns Cracks – “Peacemaker” – Dahlgren Gun – Armstrong Gun – Rifling – Pivot Gun (turret)

“Peace-maker” Disaster (1843)

Gun Turret  USS Monitor

Solid Shot to Shell Shot v. Shell : What is the difference?  Slow to adopt  Crimean War (1850’s) – Russians defeat Turkish fleet using shell – Shell exploded, igniting ships What is the solution to exploding shell?

Wood to Iron Why the need? – Protection from shells Crimean War – 1 st experiments with all- iron ships 1.French 2.British 3.Everyone else – 4.25-inch standard – Monitor v. Merrimack La Gloire (France, 1859) HMS Warrior (Britain, 1860)

Ironclad Video

Reform Administrative Education

Administrative Reform Navy Board of Commissioners (1815) – (3) most-senior officers – John Rodgers, Stephen Decatur, Isaac Hull – At time, highly political & borderline dysfunctional Navy Bureaus (1842) – SECNAV Abel Upsher 1.Navy Yards and Docks 2.Ordnance and Hydrography 3.Construction, Equipment, and Repair 4.Medicine and Surgery 5.Provisions and Clothing (Supply) – 3 Bureaus added during the Civil War – Otherwise intact to WWII

Administrative Reform  New Code of Naval Regulations (1850) – End Flogging – Retired Lists – First Formal Promotions Boards

Educational Reform Midshipman System – Est – 2/C and 3/C Midshipmen ($5/month and $6/month) USS Somers Mutiny (1842) – CAPT Mackenzie v. MIDN Spencer Spencer was hung for mutiny Son of Secretary of War – Gives impetus to formal school

US Naval Academy  1845  George Bancroft

Wars & Conflicts 2 nd Barbary War Pirates of the Caribbean Mexican-American War

2 nd Barbary War  Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli  William Bainbridge (Boston) v. Stephen Decatur (NY)  Decatur arrives at Gibralter – Defeats Mashouba (flagship) and Estudio (22) – Sails to Algerian capital End to tribute Free captured merchantmen Indemnity for captured ships – Accomplishes same in Tunis and Tripoli

2 nd Barbary War

 Bainbridge arrives and retraces Decatur’s path – Shows America will maintain a presence in Mediterranean – Algiers rebukes treaty the next year – Anglo-Dutch naval force defeats them and ends tribute system entirely  Establishment of Mediterranean Squadron (1815)

Pirates  Gulf Coast Pirates – Operated out of US Territory (Louisiana, Texas) – Jean Lafitte  Pirates of the Caribbean – Central and Southern American Revolutions Venezuelan Letters of Marque - “privateering”

Pirates of the Caribbean

 Oliver Hazard Perry sent to defeat pirates  Dies of Yellow Fever West India Squadron Established  James Biddle (1 st COMMO)  Also falls ill with Yellow Fever  David Porter (2 nd COMMO) - Good sailor, poor diplomat  Mosquito Squadron - smaller ships  Fight pirates in conjunction with British Navy  Recaptured 79 vessels in 18 months  Fajardo Incident (Puerto Rico)  Court-martialed, resigns, becomes Commander of Mexican Navy

Overseas Expansion What is the message? US & navy’s influence is expanding.

Mexican-American War

Manifest Destiny  Republic of Texas (1836) – Alamo – GEN Santa Ana’s forces defeated in Battle of San Jacinto – Texas wants annexed  Monterrey Incident (1842) – COMMO Thomas ap Catesby Jones – Diplomatic embarrassment  Texas Annexation (1845) – MGEN Zachary Taylor sent to defend Texas – COMMO David Conner (Home Squadron) transports Taylor’s troops and stays in Gulf

Mexico Declares War  Mexico declares “Defensive War” – April 1846 – Sends Army into Texas and ambushes Taylor’s Army  Congress Declares War – May 13, 1846

Mexican-American War  First war in which US is more powerful than adversary – Mexicans have weaker army – Mexicans have weaker navy Sell their only two ships US has unfettered control of the seas What can the Navy do? Blockade, troop supply & movement. What navy does this sound like? British Navy

Strategies 1.Blockade 2.Push in from Texas 3.Take Mexico City 1.Amphibious assault 4.Conquer California **Manifest Destiny** 1.Quick attack and defeat of American army 2.Hold territories 3.Destroy American will to fight United StatesMexico Who do we sound like? Great Britain

Theaters of War War in  Texas  Gulf Coast  California  Baja California & Mexican West Coast

East Coast War  Blockade – Challenging supply line Out of Pensacola, FL – Established fleet base at Anton Lizardo  Excellent Army-Navy Cooperation – Navy: COMMO David Conner (Home Squadron) – Army: GEN Winfield Scott

East Coast

Steam Power at Work  Steam Power Proves its Worth – Steam boats used to pull ships over sandbar surrounding numerous ports

Landing at Vera Cruz 1.Amphibious landing – 10,000 troops uncontested – 3rd largest Amphibious Operation in US history 2.Siege city – Army and USMC from land – Navy at sea Ships provided gunfire support 3.Slow move inland toward Mexico City – 1.5 years to complete – City fell in 1848 – Marines assigned guard of Montezuma Palace

“From the Halls of Montezuma…”

West Coast War  John D. Sloat – COMMO Pacific Squadron – Ordered to take California Learns about CAPT John C. Freemont and the Bear Flag Republic – Took Monterrey Marines and sailors – San Francisco – Self-appointed Governor

West Coast War  Robert F. Stockton – Relieved Sloat as COMMO Pacific Squadron  Combined sailors, Marines, and Freemont’s forces and took – San Diego – Los Angeles – Left small marine force to occupy Los Angeles and returned to Monterrey.  Mexicans in California Revolt – Stockton used navy to withdraw forces to San Diego, where they joined forces with MGEN Stephen W. Kearny – March to Los Angeles and defeat rebellion

West Coast War

 Treaty of Cahuenga – 1847 – Ended war in California – West Coast war moved into Mexico  William Shubrick – Relieved Stockton as COMMO Pacific Squadron – Blockaded and Amphibious operations on Baja California & West Coast of Mexico

End of War  Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1846) – Ended War – Mexico forfeited claims to Texas – Forfeited California, and Nuevo Mexico Arizona and New Mexico – Rio Grande River set as boarder  Manifest destiny is complete – US Navy outclassed Mexican forces – US now a two-ocean power Gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill - (1848) California Annexed as a free state - (1850)

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