Rhyme, rhythm, sound patterning

Significance of sound patterning cohesive function: binds words together (enhances memorability), foregrounds some aspects of the text (specific words) creates or reinforces parallelism (e.g., cash & carry) may contribute to a level of sound symbolism - onomatopoeia, onomatopoeic words helps identify genre or form (if worth establishing) supports a case for some local interpretation

The phonetic structure of the word Based on what you hear & say, not what you read. phonetic transcription, stress pattern structure of a syllable: C - V - C C = CONSONANT CLUSTER = 0,1,2,... cons V = 1 vowel sound or 1 diphthong sound patterns are formed when syllables in words close by 'echo': repetition, parallelism

Alliteration

Other forms of sound patterning

Rhyme

Further types of rhymes single, double, triple rhymes: depending on the number of syllables involved 'masculine rhyme': single stressed syllable: wrist-missed; start-heart 'feminine rhyme': 2 syllables are involved: yellow-fellow

Rhyme scheme patterns of rhyme within larger units of poetry marked by letters : a: first line and every following line rhyming with it b: next new rhyme and every flwng line rhyming w it enclosed rhyme: envelopes a couplet with rhyming lines: abba interlocking rhyme: word unrhymed in 1st stanza is linked with words rhymed in 2nd stanza, e.g., terza rima: aba bcb cdc etc. Leonine rhyme: a type of internal rhyme: "The splendour falls on castle walls“ (Tennyson)

Stanza forms Stanza: loosely: any grouping of lines in a separate unit in a poem: a verse paragraph more strictly: a grouping of a prescribed number of lines in a given metre, usually with a particular rhyme scheme, repeated as a unit of structure Poems in stanzas provide an instance of the aesthetic pleasure in repetition with a difference (parallelism) that also underlies the metrical and rhyming elements of poetry

Scansion system for analysing and marking poetical meters and feet ways of marking syllables: long — short ᴗ stressed / unstressed x | a vertical bar to mark feet accentual-syllabic verse: standard verse of poetry in English foot basic metrical unit: in English, an accented syllable with one or more unaccented syllable(s)

rising meter goes from unaccented to accented syllable within foot: a'lone iambic meter = predominant foot is iamb (= iambus) pattern: x / example: about (also: alone) anapestic meter = predominant foot is anapest pattern: x x / example: is the sun falling meter goes from accented to unaccented syll. within foot: 'water trochaic meter (trochee): pattern: / x example: lovers dactylic meter (dactyl): pattern: / x x example: leisurely Iambic meter has dominated English Poetry

Combination of different rhythms when rhythmic systems exist at the same time, e.g. in a song: musical rhythm + poetic rhythm + speech rhythm but these are potentially discordant with each other: speech rhythm: x x / / x / x As I walked out one evening, poetic rhythm in the context of the rest of the poem: x / | x / | x / x As I walked out one evening, Walking down Bristol Street, The crowds upon the pavement Were fields of harvest wheat. (W.H. Auden) metrical form: an underlying pattern of expectations allowing variations

Common names for stanzas, by line length couplet (2) and tercet (3) - considered by some too short to qualify as stanzas quatrain (4 lines) e.g., ballad stanza: The fox went out one winter night, And prayed the moon to give him light, For he'd many a mile to go that night, Before he reached his den, O! ("The Fox and the Goose" folk song) description: alternating iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter in a 4/3/4/3 pattern, rhyming abcb Octave (8) 1st unit in an Italian sonnet, rhyming abbaabba

Verse forms The characteristic shapes or structures of different kinds of poems. The form of a poem is determined by such structural elements as the number of lines, the metre, the rhyme scheme, and the characteristic stanza. These elements may be rigidly prescribed, as for fixed forms like the sonnet and the villanelle, or more loosely defined, as for the ballad and the ode.

Other terms to remember blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter used by Marlowe and Shakespeare in drama heroic couplet: the closed and balanced iambic pentameter couplet typical of the heroic plays of Dryden free verse: poetry free of traditional metrical and stanzaic patterns does not lend itself readily to scansion Mark, however, the various forms (including rhythmical) of repetition and parallelism

The winter evening settles down With smell of steaks in passageways. Six o'clock. The burnt-out ends of smoky days. And now a gusty shower wraps The grimy scraps Of withered leaves about your feet And newspapers from vacant lots; The showers beat On broken blinds and chimney-pots And at the corner of the street A lonely cab-horse steams and stamps. And then the lighting of the lamps.

Cease then, nor Order imperfection name: Our proper bliss depends on what we blame Know thy own point: this kind, this due degree Of blindness, weakness, Heaven bestows on thee. Submit. - In this, or any other sphere, Secure to be as blest as thou canst bear: Safe in the hand of one disposing Power, Or in the natal, or the mortal hour. All nature is but art, unknown to thee; All chance, direction, which thou canst not see; All discord, harmony not understood; All partial evil, universal good: And, spite of pride, in erring reason's spite, One truth is clear, W HATEVER IS, IS RIGHT.