Selection Focus 2-1

Literary Elements Trans. 2-1

Before 2-1 To read and analyze two poems about the African American experience in late nineteenth-century America  To identify and analyze the elements of a sonnet Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Before 2-2 Paul Laurence Dunbar was born in 1872 and died in Click the Speaker button to hear more about Paul Laurence Dunbar.

The Poet’s Twin Masks Paul Laurence Dunbar wrote two kinds of poetry. Although he was known and loved for his sentimental verse, written in dialect, about an idyllic, pastoral, pre-Civil War plantation life, he has sometimes been criticized for this work and for failing to confront the issues of racial stereotypes and discrimination. However, Dunbar also produced poems in Standard English that meditate on love, nature, or death; express pride in African Americans; or lament thwarted efforts to live and create freely. Before 2-3 BACKGROUND

Sketch It! Draw pictures showing different faces you might “wear” in different situations.  Before 2-5 FOCUS ACTIVITY Do you sometimes feel that you have to “wear” more than one face? Are you one person at home, another at school, and yet another when you are out with friends?  Setting a Purpose Read “We Wear the Mask” to understand why some people show different faces at different times. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

A Reading 2-A Active Reading Question A B C DA B C D Navigation Toolbar What does the speaker tell Douglass in the first two lines of the poem? He tells him that life is more “evil” now than it was during Douglass’s time. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Reading 2-B Style To create rhyme and meter, many poets use inverted sentences–sentences that do not use the usual subject-predicate-direct object word order. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Author’s Craft Restate line 3 in standard word order. We pay this debt to human guile. B

Reading 2-C Rhyme The rhyming of “subtleties” with “lies” and “eyes” is an example of near rhyme, in which the last syllable in one word almost rhymes with the last syllable of another. Literary Elements C

Reading 2-D Interpret What words or phrases are repeated in the poem? The line “We wear the mask” and the words “we smile” are repeated. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Active Reading What is the effect of this repetition? This repetition emphasizes that people smile to hide their anguish. D

Responding 2 Contents Personal Response Analyzing Literature Literary Elements Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding content area.

Response 2-1 PERSONAL RESPONSE Which lines in these poems had the greatest emotional impact on you? Explain your choices.

Analyzing 2-1 Summarize what the speaker tells Douglass about the present time. How does the present compare with Douglass’s time? Explain. He tells him they have fallen on “evil days” that are worse than those Douglass lived through. The terrible storm that began in Douglass’s time did not end; it only grew worse. RECALL AND INTERPRET Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Analyzing 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What does the speaker wish that Douglass could do? What does this wish seem to suggest about the problems of the present? The speaker wishes Douglass could return and lead people through this terrible time. This wish suggests that Dunbar feels there are no strong leaders in his time. RECALL AND INTERPRET

Analyzing 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What extended metaphor does the speaker use? Evaluate how well this metaphor represents the struggle the speaker is describing. He uses the metaphor of a violent storm representing the struggle for civil rights. A wave is a powerful and violent force; Dunbar wishes that Douglass’s voice could be heard in this struggle and that he could guide the movement (“thy strong arm to guide the shivering bark”). EVALUATE AND CONNECT

Analyzing 2-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Do you think the theme, or central message, of the poem is relevant today? Why or why not? Possible answer: Strong leadership is always necessary. The message is relevant. EVALUATE AND CONNECT

Analyzing 2-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What words does the speaker use to describe the mask? Who wears the mask, and why must it be worn? He describes the mask that “grins,” “lies,” and “hides.” African Americans wear the mask to hide their suffering from the world. RECALL AND INTERPRET

Analyzing 2-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What reality is hidden behind the mask? What words and images describe that reality? RECALL AND INTERPRET The mask hides a grim reality, described by the words “tears and sighs” and by the images “torn and bleeding hearts,” “vile” clay beneath their feet, and the “long” mile.

Analyzing 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Do you “wear” different faces by choice, or are you forced to do so? Explain. EVALUATE AND CONNECT Possible answer: Society forces us to wear certain faces because we must act appropriately in different situations.

Analyzing 2-8 EVALUATE AND CONNECT Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Why do you think Dunbar wrote this poem in Standard English rather than in dialect? How does this choice reinforce the speaker’s theme? His use of Standard English can be seen as a mask to hide his pain and conform to a white society.

“Douglass” is a Petrarchan, or Italian, sonnet, which consists of two stanzas.  The first stanza, an octave, contains eight lines and presents a situation, a question, or an idea; it is usually rhymed abbaabba.  The second stanza, a sestet, contains six lines and provides a resolution, an answer, or a comment; it is usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem typically written in iambic pentameter–a pattern of five stresses per line, each unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one.  LITERARY ELEMENTS Elements 2-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Elements 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What situation or problem is presented in the first stanza of “Douglass”? The “evil days” of fighting, hatred, and disagreement are described in the first stanza. LITERARY ELEMENTS

Elements 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What resolution is wished for in the second stanza? Dunbar wishes the fighting could be resolved by the power of Douglass’s voice. LITERARY ELEMENTS

Literary Elements Trans. 2-2 The speaker makes an impassioned plea to John Milton, lamenting the detestable conditions in England. Wordsworth pays homage to Milton’s poetic virtue, and the speaker explains how Milton could save England from the ills that plague it.

Gram. & Lang. 2-1

Gram. & Lang. 2-2 have ridden has given have paid have worn