Morphology A review

What is a morpheme? What is the difference between free and bound morphemes? What is a root morpheme? What is the difference between inflectional and derivational morphemes?

What are the building blocks in the formation of complex words? Morphemes The most elemental unit of a word Morphology Study of the internal structure; rules of word formation believable unbelievable desirable undesirable happy unhappy dressed undressed

Affixes Prefixes Prefixes are added to the beginning Suffixes Suffixes are added to the end Form a word with 2 suffixes Form a word with 1 Prefix and 2 Suffixes

Mini exercise Sister sister’s sisters happy blister For each of the words below, determine the number of morphemes it has. Sister sister’s sisters happy blister unhappy the teacher carefully

Free morphemes vs. bound morphemes Free morphemes can be used alone Bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes Free morpheme in a complex word: Deactivation de+act+iv+at+ion Act: 1 a : the doing of a thing (Merriam Webster Dictionary)

Free morphemes vs. bound morphemes Quick exercise For each morpheme below, determine whether it’s free or bound. Pre pro ive y worth with un ion re duct ed able

Lexical morphemes vs. grammatical morphemes Have a ‘real world’ meaning Also called content morpheme Grammatical morpheme Change the form of a word but don’t have ‘real word’ meaning Test: find a synonym for the morpheme If you can find one, it’s a lexical morpheme What is the difference between free &bound morphemes and lexical & grammatical morphemes?

Root morphemes vs. Affix morphemes What’s a root morpheme? Note: -roots tend to be free and lexical -affixes tend to be bound and grammatical

Exceptions Quick exercise Analyze the word: “production” How many morphemes does it have? Which morpheme is the stem? Which ones are affixes? Is the stem free and lexical? Word Meaning con+duct To carry out in+duct To place ceremoniously ab+duct To lead away Conclusion: ‘duct’ is a bound root morpheme

Root morphemes Quick exercise Identify the roots of the following words kingdom interplanetary dimensional margins paintball children

Inflectional Affixes vs. Derivational Affixes What are inflectional affixes? Do not create new words when they attach to existing words They change the form of that word to indicate grammatical meaning

Inflectional Affixes vs. Derivational Affixes Inflectional morpheme Example Plural –s, -es (noun) Possessive –’s, s’ (noun) Comparative –er (adj.) Superlative –est (adj.) 3rd person singular –s (verb) Past tense –ed (verb) Past participle –ed, -en Present participle -ing Pim likes to eat peach-es Pim’s grades are great Pim is smart-er than Boss Pim is the quick-est of all Pim like-s to study Pim studi-ed hard for the quiz Pim hasn’t fail-ed a test yet. Pim has been study-ing for 3 hours

Inflectional Affixes vs. Derivational Affixes Create new (or derive) new words in two ways Some derivational morphemes change the content meaning but not grammatical meaning Others don’t significantly change the meaning but the grammatical meaning. Unlike inflectional affixes, derivational affixes can be both, prefixes or suffixes in English.

Derivational affixes Function Morpheme Example Word Change content meaning un- un+happy re- re+write Change grammatical function (noun ⇒verb) -ize trauma(t)+ize Change grammatical function (noun ⇒adj.) -y health+y Change grammatical function (adj.⇒adverb) -ly quick+ly The number of derivational affixes in English is far greater than inflectional affixes

Derivational affixes Quick exercise Each of the words below contains two morphemes, a root and a derivational affix. Decide if the derivational affix changes the meaning or class of the root. retake hopeless undress tension disembark cheerful What is the general trend with regard to the behavior of derivational prefixes vs. suffixes? That is, how does each kind of affix derive new words?

Derivational affixes Quick exercise Each of the words below contains two morphemes, a root and a derivational affix. Decide if the derivational affix changes the meaning or class of the root. rewrite hopeless unclear creation unhappy helpful What is the general trend with regard to the behavior of derivational prefixes vs. suffixes? That is, how does each kind of affix derive new words?

Overview of all discussed distinctions Morphemes lexical -bound roots bound grammatical derivational inflectional -eight suffixes prefixes ex:-un suffixes ex: -ness free

Word creation in English (Neologism) Affixing Affixing and derivation create new words in English X number of affixes +Y number of words (stems) Example: ‘un-’ Functional shift Words changing word class Example: impact (noun and verb) Quick exercise: Transition reference proposition help hope

Word creation in English (Neologism) Coined words Speakers continually create new words. Consider the word ‘dissing’ in the sentence: Are you dissing me? 1. What does dissing mean? 2. What part of speech does it belong to? (Defend your answer on a morphological basis)

Word creation in English (Neologism) Acronyms Common acronyms that turned into words: Laser, radar, scuba, MUIC Where do they derive from? Light Amplification (by) Stimulated Emission (of) Radiation RAdio Detecting And Ranging

Word creation in English (Neologism) Borrowing Speakers of English aggressively borrow from other languages Kindergarten (German) Croissant (French) Sushi (Japanese) Macho (???) List 3 words in Thai that are borrowed from English?

Word creation in English (Neologism) Blending Mixing words Quick exercise: from what words are the following blends mixed? Motel Infomercial Edutainment Netiquette