Chapter 14 sections 1 & 2 World History

Section 1

 Old: European nations wanted to set up trading posts where they could conduct business and missionary activities  New: European nations wanted total control over huge amounts of foreign territory

 Argument Europeans had the moral responsibility to civilize “primitive people” and bring Christianity to the “heathen masses”

 Founded Singapore (City of the Lion) in 1819 which became a major port for ships coming to and from China  Next the British took over Burma  To protect its possessions in India  Wanted an overland route into China

 Forced Vietnam to accept French protection from the British in 1857  Protectorate: a political unit that depends on another government for its protection  Vietnamese Empire becomes a French protectorate in 1884  Extend protection to neighboring Cambodia, Laos, Annam, & Tonkin  Becomes known as Union of French Indochina

 The only independent country in Southeast Asia  Kings promoted Western learning & maintained good relationships with European powers  Britain & France agreed to keep Thailand as an independent buffer b/t their possessions

See how Thailand is right between British controlled Burma and the countries that make up French Indochina? That is what a buffer is – something, anything that creates space b/t two things.

 Indirect Rule: local rulers kept their positions of authority and status in the new colonial government  Easier access to natural resources  Less effect on local culture  Lowered the cost of colonial government  Direct Rule: local rulers are removed from power and replaced with officials from the mother country

 Many Westerners feared native people gaining political rights – even teaching them about representative government & democracy  Colonial powers did NOT want colonists to develop their own industries, only continue to supply the raw materials that fuel industry in the mother country and buy those products

 Materials Exported: teak wood, rubber, spices, tea, coffee, palm oil, tin, sugar  Plantation agriculture – native peasants worked as laborers on plantations owned by colonial elites  Wages were kept low to maximize profits  Conditions were poor and led to many deaths

 Beginnings of modern economic systems  Built roads, railroads, communication networks, and other pieces of infrastructure that were good for everyone  Development of an entrepreneurial class because of the potential for exporting desirable goods and raw materials

 Many were most unhappy about being ruled by Western powers  Most frequent revolts came from peasants, who were furious they were pushed off of their land to create plantations  Eventually an intellectual middle class develops educated in Western ideas that pushes for native rights, then independence

Section 2

 B/t European rivals had nearly all of Africa under their control  By 1890 the slave trade that affected W. Africa for so long was nearly gone  Now Euros were interested in trading manufactured goods for natural resources  European govt’s began to push for permanent settlements along the coast

 Muhammad Ali created a separate Egyptian state in 1805 and implemented reforms to bring Egypt into the modern world  Europeans became interested in Egypt b/c they wanted to build a canal connecting the Red and Mediterranean Seas  The Suez Canal was completed in 1867  1875 Britain bought Egypt’s share of the canal – saw it as their lifeline to India  Italy was defeated by Ethiopia in its attempt to take over the country

 Explorers from the West went into the dense tropical jungles  They encouraged European governments to send settlers to the Congo River Basin  Belgium was the one country to seize the moment and claim vast stretches of Central Africa  Belgium = area south of the Congo River  France = area north of the Congo River

 Intense competition b/t Germany and Great Britain for colonies here  Most of East Africa had not yet been claimed by European powers  Berlin Conference, 1884  Settle claims in East Africa b/t Portugal, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain  NO AFRICAN delegates were present!!

 Boers (Afrikaners) descendents of the original Dutch settlers in South Africa  Believed white supremacy was ordained by God & forced natives onto reservations  Britain took control of all of S. Africa after defeating the Boers in the Boer War  Formed the Union of South Africa in 1910 where only whites could vote  System of government sponsored segregation in South Africa becomes known as Apartheid

 The only independent land left in Africa in 1914 was Liberia  Mostly tried to employ indirect rule, but in reality it was still foreign officials making the decisions w/local leaders enforcing them  Others (France) used direct rule  Countries with African Possessions  Netherlands, Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Spain

 Annex: to incorporate new nearby territory into an existing political unit  Indigenous: native to a region – can be used to describe many things (people, plants, animals, etc.)