Historical Context: The Crusades and Colonialism Or, how the Arabs came to resent the West! February 1, 2000 History of Civilization Mr. Geib

Why the Crusades Began Crusades from 1096 to Pope Urban II starts them. Christians wanted to help the Byzantine Empire keep land safe from the Seljuk Turks. To free the Holy Land from the Muslim infidels in order to make it safe for Christian pilgrims. Europeans who fought in the Crusades were called “Crusaders.” Pope calls Christians to invade Middle East.

The First Crusade Crusaders travel to and conquer Nicaea, the Seljuk capital. Crusaders established states in ME, small communities like feudal kingdoms in Europe. In 1099, the crusaders reached Jerusalem and killed all the Muslims and Jews that lived there. The Crusaders made Jerusalem a capital of a crusader state. The Crusaders built large castles which kept their land safe from Muslim armies.

The Third Crusade During the Second Crusade, the leader of the Muslim forces named Saladin, recaptures Jerusalem. Pope Gregory VIII began the Third Crusade, which was called the “Crusade of Kings.” Saladin vs. King Richard. Five year treaty signed. Europeans depart Middle East and Crusades end. King Richard the “Lionhearted”

“Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople on 12 April 1204” by Eugene Delacroix Byzantium

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The Result of the Crusades: Arabs see “West” invading and interfering in their lands, causing death and hardship. Arabs see western power and ways as a threat to them economically and culturally. Arabs believe the honor, culture and religion suffers when they are influenced by Western ways. The unity between the Arabs is caused by distrust, hostility, and hatred towards the west. All Arabs hate the memory of the Crusades. Muslims’ Suspicion and Resentment Towards the West as a Result of the Crusades

Napoleon & France In 1798, Napoleon occupied Cairo. Modernized Egypt. Tries to introduce technology, but Egyptians resent Western advancement. The French are forced to surrender. His three year attempt left a major psychological affect.

World War I British take over Egypt in Egypt became a Protectorate of the British Empire. Lawrence of Arabia convinces Arabs to revolt against the Ottomans. Europe makes borders for Middle East after WWI. In 1922 the Protectorate ended and Egypt became an independent state. The British still controlled government institutions and the Suez Canal. Arabs resentful of outsiders. Arabs Revolt Against Ottomans Versailles Peace Conference

Zionism Zionism and Theodor Herzel Zionists and British government. Immigration to Palestine. Rebellion against the British Balfour Declaration over ruled. Nation of Israel proclaimed in State of Israel Founded

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