Life During the Industrial Revolution McKay: Chapter 24 Pictionary Exercise

"The greatest good for the greatest number" Jeremy Bentham, Writer early 1800s, founder of utilitarianism All social/public problems must be dealt with using above framework

"Sanitary idea" Edwin Chadwick, a Benthamite convinced disease caused poverty 3 yr study colleting data, publish 1842 shows disease and filth related Solution- clean water, public baths, street cleaning, firefighting, sewers cheaper Way to get rid of excrement Incredibly significant- leads to 1848 Public Health Law and creation of National Health board Break away from fatalism

"Miasmatic theory of disease" Theory that you get diseases by breathing in bad odors Based on empirical observation but a bit incomplete as theories go Handicaps reform in control of disease Limits: Thames river smells no one near it necessarily sick…

"Germ theory of disease" 1840’s-1850’s recognize disease spread through filth, not caused by it Developed by Pasteur study of fermentation and Koch study of bacteria By 1870s discoveries of bacterial role leads to development of vaccines

"Pasteurization" Louis Pasteur, French chemist studies fermentation recognizes it depends on growth of living organisms Can limit this through heating product (Pasteurization) Implies disease itself caused by controllable germs

“Antiseptic principle" Builds off of Germ Theory Joseph Lister recognizes death rate higher with compound fractures than simple Pasteur 1865 shows air full of bacteria start using chemical disinfectant on wounds…works wonders by 1880s start using on tools and hands as well…

DEATH

Decline of mortality rate Post 1890, bacterial revolution along with public health improvements mortality rates down, awful disease gone by 1910 death rate in city same as Country, infant mortality down as well

Boulevards transform Paris Public health only part of problem still have overcrowding, poor housing,Transportation issues Key is effective planning, France takes lead under Napoleon III and Haussman Transform Paris over 20 yrs starting in 1850 Raze buildings to create wide tree lined streets Cannot put barricades in streets now Allows free flow of traffic demolish worst slums in city stimulate construction better homes Rest of Europe follows

Electric streetcars relieve overcrowding 1870s horsedrawn carriages carry ppl all over 1890’s take American tech. with electric streetcar, more reliable comfy, cheaper Faster Can now expand cities, helps with housing issues, suburbs develop

1850= 1906=

Real wages doubled between Differences in Social classes remains large but standard of living rises greatly Wages double Britain, ordinary folk take big step forward

RICH POOR

The gap between rich and poor was huge 1900 top 5% receive 33% national income top 20% get 50-60% national income bottom 80% get only 40-50% national income bottom 30% gets 10% or less of national income Income taxes limited or nonexistent gap as large 1900 as during agrarian times

The upper-middle class imitated the aristocracy Middle class large, diverse split into 3 subclasses Upper Middle Class generally families in banking or industry Imitate upper class Buy Country Home/ Beach Home # servants important Have private coaches/carriages Devote more time to culture than before Some even enter/ally with aristocracy through marriage trade cash for title (Which more important??)

The labor aristocracy imitated the middle class Make up about 15% of labor class Make about 2/3 amount money as MC but double unskilled labor class Most construction bosses, foremen very proud of rise to power Almost puritanical values, strong commitment to family and advancement fear falling down a level, value education and nice homes frown on drinking (organize temperance movement)

Engineers and managers joined the middle class Explosion of technology and industry creates large need for specialized Knowledge Engineers, architects, chemists, accountants, managers become important Create certifications necessary for entry Members of Middle Middle Class

Middle class entertainment centered around the dinner party Food largest item in household budget “Siesta” idea Dinner party very popular, 8-12 ppl once a month or so 8-9 courses

The middle class valued servants, clothes, and education Servants: 1 full time to cook and clean) more money = more servants symbol Clothes: Cost of clothing down, begin to care for accumulation Clothes conscious… Positive??? Education: Parents want to provide for kids with constant rise in edu. Novels, music, and foreign travel three popular methods

The labor aristocracy was often in danger of being replaced by machines

Over the 19th century, drinking declined as it was less socially acceptable Commonality amongst MC is adherence to strict code of morals Hard work, traditional Christian morality If fall into poverty it is your own fault drinking gambling denounced

1/7

One out of seven working people were domestic servants Largest group in labor class= unskilled laborers Largest group of unskilled laborers are domestic servants Stat from Britain 1911, mostly women Many recent migrants from rural areas Hard work, low pay below butlers and housekeepers (Hierarchy…) WHY DO IT? More men in city…marriage possibilities Wages low but higher than Countryside City thrill attractive

Many women worked in the sweated industries Many women join to earn extra $ for family Thrives post 1850, resembles putting out industry Work at home or in small group paid by piece, not hr Most make clothing, put tailors out of business

The working classes preferred sports and music Cruel sports decline, modern sports like racing and soccer emerge gambling still big- actually helps with literacy Music Halls also popular equivalent of Upper Class Opera Houses We see leadership of Upper Classes in this

Church attendance declined among the working class People still have faith (baptisms still high) Church construction fails to keep up with population growth in cities Churches seen as conservative institutions that defend order of day Poor associate church with the system that they resent Lack of separation between church and state helps this

Illegitimacy Explosion explosion of illegitimate births 1/3 in cities born out of marriage Post 1850 illegitimacy down, still high % brides preggers seem to have as much premarital sex as before but more pressure to marry

Prostitution flourished in the late 19 th century - Paris, ,000 registered prostitutes, 750,000 suspected - Men of all classes visit - “My Secret Life” anonymous 11 volume account of life in this world

Women became full-time homemakers and mothers IR brings great change in gender roles (specifically in women) Separate spheres develop, men at work, women at home Pre IR family works together control home manage $ make all domestic decisions Only work outside home if very poor well paying jobs off limits to women, lower wages than men Some fight for rights (Feminist organizations earn some victories) 1882 right to own property Socialist fight

Emotional bonds between mother and child strengthened Begin to love and coddle babies (In comfort classes 1 st ) More people breast feed, books published (“Mr. and Mrs. and Baby”) Fewer abandoned babies, swaddling decreases

The birthrate declined People began to limit the # of children they had so that they could more adequately care for those they had 1860 avg. 6 kids, , , continues to decline to WWII Parents want to improve social economic standing and kids future too No longer economic asset, less kids means more education, travel… Possibly become too involved?