America’s History Sixth Edition Henretta • Brody • Dumenil America’s History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 6 Making War and Republican Governments, 1776-1789 Copyright © 2009 by Bedford/St. Martin’s and Matthew Ellington, Ruben S. Ayala High School

1. The Trials of War, 1776-1778 War in the North Armies and Strategies Victory at Saratoga Social and Financial Perils 2. The Path to Victory, 1778-1783 The French Alliance War in the South The Patriot Advantage Diplomatic Triumph 3. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776-1787 The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy? Women Seek Public Voice The Loyalist Exodus The Articles of Confederation Shay’s Rebellion 4. The Constitution of 1787 The Rise of a Nationalist Faction The Philadelphia Convention The People Debate Ratification

1A: War in the North The British held most of the military advantages Patriot victories at Trenton and Princeton bolstered colonial morale after a difficult 1776

1B: Armies and Strategies Britain’s best chance to win was to defeat Washington in 1776 Most continental soldiers were usually poor, landless and enlisted for the bonus

1C: Victory at Saratoga British attempt to cut off New England failed Results: 5,000 troops captured & France joins war

1D: Social and Financial Perils British blockade greatly hurt colonial economy Revolution financed thru bonds and paper money Valley Forge (winter 1777) shaped Continental army

2A: The French Alliance French involvement created another global war Many in England lost hope after Saratoga defeat

2B: War in the South British strategy shifted to fighting for the South Benedict Arnold’s defection hurt colonial morale Cornwallis’ surrender at Yorktown sealed colonial victory

2C: Patriot Advantage: Public Support Washington’s tactics and British military blunders helped the colonial war effort Colonial militias, refusal to support British/Loyalists, willingness to endure inflation showed public support “The World Turned Upside Down” Yorktown

2D: Diplomatic Triumph American negotiators exploited European rivalries US gained land to Mississippi River and recognition

3A: The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy? States wrote new, more democratic constitutions Revolution brought middle class into government Middling men enter the halls of government, 1765-1790

3B: Women Seek a Public Voice Abigail Adams fought for women—“Remember the ladies” Women gained access to public education but few political rights or freedoms at home Republican Motherhood became role for women

3C: The Loyalist Exodus 100,000 loyalists left during the Revolutionary War Traditional elite was replaced with entrepreneurs and patriots Black loyalist pass, 1783

3D: The Articles of Confederation Articles were a loose federation of states Northwest territory set up with clear boundaries, no slavery, public schools, and a process for statehood

3E: Shay’s Rebellion Destruction from war, the British Navigation Acts, and low priced imports hurt colonial economy Shay’s Rebellion (1787) in MA over taxes showed weakness of federal government

4A: The Rise of a Nationalist Faction Debate over debts, taxes, power, and if a republic could work in a country as large as the US National political leaders, some southern planters, and creditors all favored a stronger government Men fighting during Shay’s Rebellion

4B: The Philadelphia Convention Delegates who met in Philadelphia were mostly wealthy, many radicals were absent James Madison was “Father of the Constitution” Compromises made Constitution possible: Great Compromise: bicameral legislature 3/5 Compromise: representation and slavery 20 year ban on restricting slave importation

4C: The People Debate Ratification States debated Constitution (9 needed to pass) Federalist Papers, promise of a bill of rights, and property requirements for voting helped Federalists win